Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Marian Mazanhanga, Anton Joubert, Sandra Castel, Marthinus Van de Merwe, Gary Maartens, Sean Wasserman, Lubbe Wiesner
Summary: A simple and quick method was developed to analyze linezolid in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculous meningitis, and its accuracy and precision were validated. The concentration of linezolid in cerebrospinal fluid varied in patients and was not significantly affected by the filtration process.
Article
Neurosciences
Celien Tigchelaar, Willemien D. D. Muller, Sawal D. D. Atmosoerodjo, Klaas J. J. Wardenaar, Ido P. P. Kema, Anthony R. R. Absalom, Martijn van Faassen
Summary: A study on neurologically healthy patients undergoing spinal anesthesia found that there is a concentration gradient for most of the investigated biomarkers between the ventricles and the lumbar region. The results contribute to the understanding of neurobiology and emphasize the importance of standardized procedures for cerebrospinal fluid handling for comparison between studies.
FLUIDS AND BARRIERS OF THE CNS
(2023)
Article
Medical Laboratory Technology
Chiara Giangrande, Helene Vaneeckhoutte, Amandine Boeuf, Beatrice Lalere, Christophe Hirtz, Sylvain Lehmann, Milena Quaglia, Vincent Delatour
Summary: The objective of this work is to develop a higher order candidate reference measurement procedure (RMP) for the absolute quantification of t-tau in cerebrospinal fluid. A primary calibrator consisting of a highly purified recombinant protein was sourced to establish metrological traceability. An isotopically-labelled homologue was obtained to develop a candidate RMP by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) for t-tau absolute quantification. The candidate RMP has been validated and can be used for global standardization of CSF t-tau measurements.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY AND LABORATORY MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Marian T. Mazanhanga, Anton Joubert, Sandra A. Castel, Marthinus van der Merwe, Gary Maartens, Kelly E. Dooley, Caryn M. Upton, Lubbe Wiesner
Summary: A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of delamanid and its metabolite DM-6705 in human cerebrospinal fluid. The method was used to analyze cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in a pharmacokinetic study.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Guanxuanzi Zhang, Na Zhang, Liuhan Dong, Nan Bai, Yun Cai
Summary: A LC-MS/MS method for quantifying contezolid in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been developed and verified in this study. Using linezolid as the internal standard, protein precipitation was performed. The LC-MS/MS analysis was performed using an Agilent EclipsePlus C18 column and acetonitrile and water mobile phases. The method showed good linearity, precision, and recovery rates in both plasma and CSF samples.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Maciej Dulewicz, Agnieszka Kulczynska-Przybik, Agnieszka Slowik, Renata Borawska, Barbara Mroczko
Summary: This study analyzed the CSF concentrations of two synaptic proteins, neurogranin and neuronal pentraxins receptor, in relation to neurochemical dementia biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. The results showed a significant increase in Ng and decrease in NPTXR levels in AD patients, with the NPTXR/Ng ratio serving as an indicator of synaptic disturbance. These findings suggest that Ng and NPTXR concentrations in CSF are promising synaptic dysfunction biomarkers reflecting pathological changes in AD.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Carlos Perez-Lopez, Bernat Oro-Noll, Silvia Lacorte, Roma Tauler
Summary: New data-independent acquisition (DIA) modes coupled to chromatographic separations are revolutionizing the processing of mass spectrometric (MS) data using chemometric methods. In this study, the authors demonstrate the application of the regions of interest multivariate curve resolution (ROIMCR) method for the simultaneous analysis of MS1 and MS2 DIA raw data. The ROIMCR method allows for fast direct resolution of elution and spectral profiles without the need for peak matching, alignment, or modeling.
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Fulya Tasci, Hale Secilmis Canbay, Mahmut Doganturk
Summary: The study found antibiotic residues in non-compliant milk samples, suggesting that not all milk producers adhere to good veterinary practices.
Article
Plant Sciences
Mi Zhang, Kouharu Otsuki, Reo Takahashi, Takashi Kikuchi, Di Zhou, Ning Li, Wei Li
Summary: Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a powerful tool for the rapid identification of compounds within natural resources. This study used LC-MS/MS analysis to investigate the presence of structurally diverse daphnane diterpenoids in Wikstroemia indica, significantly contributing to our understanding of bioactive diterpenoids in plants within the Thymelaeaceae family.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Yuhui Hong, Sujun Li, Christopher J. Welch, Shane Tichy, Yuzhen Ye, Haixu Tang
Summary: 3DMolMS is a deep neural network model that predicts mass spectra from the 3D conformations of compounds. It achieved an average cosine similarity of 0.691 and 0.478 with experimental MS/MS spectra in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. The model can be fine-tuned to predict spectra acquired by different labs and instruments. Additionally, the molecular representation learned by 3DMolMS can enhance the prediction of chemical properties such as elution time and collisional cross section.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Dong Xiang, Tinghui Zhao, Jue Wang, Yang Cao, Qiuxia Yu, Lu Liu, Hengyi Yu, Xiping Li, Ninghong Li, Yang Yi, Xuepeng Gong
Summary: A sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the quantification of olverembatinib in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The method involved liquid-liquid extraction and precipitation enrichment for plasma and CSF pretreatment, respectively. The detection was performed by electrospray ionization in a positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The method proved to be accurate and precise, with a successful application in measuring olverembatinib concentrations in plasma and CSF from chronic myeloid leukemia patients.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ANALYSIS
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Zsolt Galla, Cecilia Rajda, Gabor Racz, Nora Grecso, Akos Barath, Laszlo Vecsei, Csaba Bereczki, Peter Monostori
Summary: This study presents a robust method for concurrent measurement of multiple molecules, which can aid in the diagnosis and understanding of metabolic and neurological disorders. The method meets EMA requirements and is suitable for sample determination in clinical laboratories.
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Xuan Zhang, Changling Fang, Xiaoyi Lou, Guangxin Yang, Cong Kong, Yongfu Shi, Dongmei Huang
Summary: A simple and rapid method using HPLC-MS/MS for the determination of MT in aquatic products was established in this study. The method showed good linearity, low detection and quantitation limits, and satisfactory recoveries. The validated method can be effectively applied to the determination of MT in aquatic products.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Yunyao Qu, Bum-Jin Kim, Jeewon Koh, David C. Dallas
Summary: A novel top-down glycopeptidomics-based analytical method was developed to profile CMP and CMP-derived peptides, providing comprehensive characterization of their structures and compositions, which is essential for understanding the bioactivity of CMP.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Byeong Gwan Cho, Cristian D. Gutierrez Reyes, Yehia Mechref
Summary: The study investigated different N-glycan sample preparation approaches and found that increasing the amount of buffer solution led to higher intensity, indicating better efficiency in N-glycan release compared to a previously published method and FANGS.
Article
Andrology
Doo Yong Chung, Kang-Moon Song, Min-Ji Choi, Anita Limanjaya, Kalyan Ghatak, Jiyeon Ock, Guo Nan Yin, Chang Hee Hong, Soon-Sun Hong, Jun-Kyu Suh, Ji-Kan Ryu
Summary: This study found increased expression of proNGF and p75(NTR) in the penis after CNI, anti-proNGF-Ab enhanced nNOS and neurofilament expression by promoting the production of neurotrophic factors, preserved the integrity of cavernous sinusoids, and restored erectile function in CNI mice. The inhibition of the proNGF/p75(NTR) pathway may be a novel strategy to treat radical prostatectomy-induced erectile dysfunction.
Review
Urology & Nephrology
Guo Nan Yin, Jiyeon Ock, Anita Limanjaya, Nguyen Naht Minh, Soon-Sun Hong, Tao Yang, Frank M. Longo, Ji-Kan Ryu, Jun-Kyu Suh
Summary: This study demonstrated that oral administration of LM11A-31 improved erectile function in a mouse model of nerve injury-induced erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. The treatment led to increased neurovascular regeneration and showed potential as a low-cost and relatively simple therapeutic strategy for erectile dysfunction. Future studies will focus on optimizing dosing and duration of LM11A-31 for enhanced efficacy.
JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Kang-Moon Song, Woo Jean Kim, Min-Ji Choi, Ki-Dong Kwon, Anita Limanjaya, Kalyan Ghatak, Jiyeon Ock, Guo Nan Yin, Yasufumi Sato, Soon-Sun Hong, Ji-Kan Ryu, Jun-Kyu Suh
Summary: The study demonstrates the important role of VASH1 in diabetic erectile dysfunction, showing that it can restore erectile function by inducing angiogenic factors.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Guo Yin, Tae Shin, Jiyeon Ock, Min-Ji Choi, Anita Limanjaya, Mi-Hye Kwon, Fang-Yuan Liu, Soon-Sun Hong, Ju-Hee Kang, Yong Gho, Jun-Kyu Suh, Ji-Kan Ryu
Summary: Pericyte-derived extracellular vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles (PC-NVs) play a crucial role in improving erectile function and peripheral nervous system (PNS) regeneration. The study found that PC-NVs stimulated endothelial cells, increased neuronal cell content, and promoted angiogenesis and nerve regeneration. PC-NVs also increased the expression of neurotrophic factors and cell survival signaling pathway activity, while reducing JNK signaling pathway activity. After local application of PC-NVs, motor and sensory functions significantly improved.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Young-Eun Cho, Hyun-Woo Kim, Keun Young Min, Jin-Hyeon Hwang, Dong-Ha Kim, Jee-In Kim, Guo Nan Yin, Jae-Hwan Lim, In-Sook Kwun, Moon-Chang Baek, Do-Kyun Kim
Summary: The study showed that EVs derived from cow's milk casein-induced allergy could induce a reaction similar to cow's milk allergic reaction through mast cell activation, providing insight into the pathology of cow's milk allergy and potential therapeutic approaches.
MOLECULAR & CELLULAR TOXICOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Andrology
Jiyeon Ock, Jun-Kyu Suh, Soon-Sun Hong, Ju-Hee Kang, Guo Nan Yin, Ji-Kan Ryu
Summary: This study found that knocking down IGFBP5 protein can improve erectile function in diabetic mice by promoting cell proliferation, reducing cell apoptosis, and permeability. This finding may provide a new treatment strategy for diabetic erectile dysfunction and other vascular or neurological diseases.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Fang-Yuan Liu, Guo Nan Yin, Jiyeon Ock, Fitri Rahma Fridayana, Lashkari Niloofar, Yan Huang, Minh Nhat Vo, Jun-Kyu Suh, Soon-Sun Hong, Ju-Hee Kang, Ji-Kan Ryu
Summary: Severe vascular and nerve damage from diabetes leads to erectile dysfunction and poor response to oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. The study showed that administration of Ago2 can effectively improve penile erection in diabetic mice by enhancing cavernous endothelial cell angiogenesis and survival. Ago2 administration reduces reactive oxygen species production and improves signaling pathways, leading to improved cellular functions and erectile function.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jimin Yang, Guo Nan Yin, Do-Kyun Kim, Ah-reum Han, Dong Sun Lee, Kwang Wook Min, Yaoyao Fu, Jeongwon Yun, Jun-Kyu Suh, Ji-Kan Ryu, Ho Min Kim
Summary: The serum glycoprotein leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is a multifunctional protein that modulates various signaling cascades. Its glycosylation alters LRG1's properties and functions, and aberrant glycosylation is recognized in diseases including diabetes. The crystal structure of LRG1 has been determined, and its deglycosylation at a specific site is essential for its interaction with LPHN2 and promotion of angiogenic and neurotrophic processes. In a diabetic mouse model, deglycosylated LRG1 alleviated vascular and neurological abnormalities.
EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Urology & Nephrology
Mi-Hye Kwon, Min-Ji Choi, Fang -Yuan Liu, Fitri Rahma Fridayana, Lashkari Niloofar, Guo Nan Yin, Ji-Kan Ryu
Summary: The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in vascular and neural structures associated with diabetic bladder dysfunction (DBD) in mice. The results showed that STZ-induced diabetic mice exhibited functional and structural derangements in urinary bladder. This study provides a foundation and describes a useful means of evaluating the efficacies of therapeutic targets and exploring the detailed mechanism of DBD.
INTERNATIONAL NEUROUROLOGY JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Urology & Nephrology
Guo Nan Yin
Summary: The study demonstrates that Hebp1 can promote angiogenesis and improve erectile function under diabetic conditions by reducing reactive oxygen species levels and activating the PI3K/AKT/eNOS signaling pathway.
INVESTIGATIVE AND CLINICAL UROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Limanjaya Anita, Guo Nan Yin, Soon-Sun Hong, Ju-Hee Kang, Yong Song Gho, Jun-Kyu Suh, Ji-Kan Ryu
Summary: This study found that pericyte-derived extracellular vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles (PC-NVs) can promote penile angiogenesis and neural regeneration under diabetic conditions, thereby improving erectile function. PC-NVs act through multiple signaling pathways under diabetic conditions, inducing endothelial proliferation and migration while suppressing cell apoptosis. In addition, PC-NVs also induce neural regeneration under high-glucose conditions. The findings provide a new treatment strategy for diabetic ED.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Andrology
Kalyan Ghatak, Guo Nan Yin, Soon-Sun Hong, Ju-Hee Kang, Jun-Kyu Suh, Ji-Kan Ryu
Summary: The study found that Hsp70 mediates neurovascular regeneration and restoration of erectile function under diabetic conditions through a Cse-dependent mechanism.
WORLD JOURNAL OF MENS HEALTH
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Guo Nan Yin, Do-Kyun Kim, Ji In Kang, Yebin Im, Dong Sun Lee, Ah-reum Han, Jiyeon Ock, Min-Ji Choi, Mi-Hye Kwon, Anita Limanjaya, Saet-Byel Jung, Jimin Yang, Kwang Wook Min, Jeongwon Yun, Yongjun Koh, Jong-Eun Park, Daehee Hwang, Jun-Kyu Suh, Ji-Kan Ryu, Ho Min Kim
Summary: Researchers have discovered a molecular pathway that can repair erectile dysfunction caused by diabetes. This study may provide new treatment options for other diabetic complications as well.
EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Urology & Nephrology
Guo Nan Yin, Jitao Wu, Yuanshan Cui, Chunhua Lin, Lei Shi, Zhen-Li Gao, Jun-Kyu Suh, Ji-Kan Ryu, Hai-Rong Jin
Summary: The study revealed reduced tube formation and increased apoptosis in mouse cavernous pericytes (MCPs) exposed to high glucose conditions. Microarray analysis showed differences in gene expression profiles of MCPs exposed to different glucose conditions, with the identification of the Hebp1 gene possibly associated with diabetes-induced erectile dysfunction (DMED).
INVESTIGATIVE AND CLINICAL UROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Andrology
Nhat Minh Nguyen, Kang-Moon Song, Min-Ji Choi, Kalyan Ghatak, Anita Limanjaya, Mi-Hye Kwon, Doo Yong Chung, Jiyeon Ock, Guo Nan Yin, Chang-Shin Park, Jun-Kyu Suh, Ji-Kan Ryu
Summary: This study utilized immunohistochemical staining and three-dimensional reconstruction to provide detailed anatomical information about the neurovascular structures in the mouse urinary bladder, revealing the spatial relationship between the nervous and vascular systems. The microvessel density was higher in the lamina propria than in the detrusor muscle layer, and nerve fibers were evenly innervated into both layers. This technique may serve as a standard tool for evaluating pathological changes in various urinary bladder diseases.
WORLD JOURNAL OF MENS HEALTH
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
Xiaomei Lin, Tianyuyi Feng, Erheng Cui, Yunfei Li, Zhang Qin, Xiaohu Zhao
Summary: This study successfully established a rat model based on the genetic-environmental interaction, which exhibited phenotype characteristics similar to human AD in terms of cognitive function, brain microstructure, and immunohistochemistry. The genetic factor (APP mutation) and the environmental factor (acrolein exposure) accounted for 39.74% and 33.3% of the AD-like phenotypes in the model, respectively.
Article
Neurosciences
Gustavo Guimara Guerrero, Giovanna Bignoto Minhoto, Camilla dos Santos Tiburcio-Machado, Itza Amarisis Ribeiro Pinto, Claudio Antonio Federico, Marcia Carneiro Valera
Summary: The present study evaluated the influence of head and neck radiotherapy on the behavior and body weight gain in Wistar rats. The results demonstrated that different doses of radiation induced depressive behavior in the animals, and that the weight gain tended to be lower in the irradiated groups.
Article
Neurosciences
Ziwei Gao, Chao Lu, Yaping Zhu, Yuxin Liu, Yuesong Lin, Wenming Gao, Liyuan Tian, Lei Wu
Summary: This study reveals the underlying mechanisms of the rapid antidepressant effects of merazin hydrate (MH), which activates CaMKII to promote neuronal activities and proliferation in the hippocampus.
Article
Neurosciences
Kathleen E. Murray, Whitney A. Ratliff, Vedad Delic, Bruce A. Citron
Summary: Gulf War Illness (GWI) is a chronic disorder that affects approximately 30% of Veterans deployed to the Persian Gulf. This study found that exposure to toxicants during the Gulf War resulted in long-term changes in the morphology of dentate granule cells and that treatment with Nrf2 activator could improve neuronal health in the hippocampus.
Article
Neurosciences
Jing Li, Yan Zou, Xiangchuang Kong, Yangming Leng, Fan Yang, Guofeng Zhou, Bo Liu, Wenliang Fan
Summary: This study examines the functional connectivity changes in individuals with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) at the integrity, network, and edge levels. The findings reveal reduced intranetwork connectivity strength and increased internetwork connectivity in SSNHL patients. These alterations are associated with the duration of SSNHL and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory scores. The study provides crucial insights into the neural mechanisms of SSNHL and the brain's network-level responses to sensory loss.
Review
Neurosciences
Didier Majou, Anne-Lise Dermenghem
Summary: In the early stages of SAD, memory impairment is strongly correlated with cortical levels of soluble amyloid-beta peptide oligomers. A beta disrupts glutamatergic synaptic function and leads to cognitive deficits. This article describes the pathogenic mechanisms underlying cerebral amyloidosis, involving amyloid precursor protein synthesis, A beta residue clearance processes, and the role of specific molecules.
Article
Neurosciences
Jing Li, Yi Shan, Xiaojing Zhao, Guixiang Shan, Peng-Hu Wei, Lin Liu, Changming Wang, Hang Wu, Weiqun Song, Yi Tang, Guo-Guang Zhao, Jie Lu
Summary: This study investigates changes in brain anatomical structures and functional network connectivity after chronic complete thoracic spinal cord injury (cctSCI) and their impact on clinical outcomes. The findings reveal alterations in gray matter volume and functional connectivity in specific brain regions, indicating potential therapeutic targets and methods for tracking treatment outcomes.
Article
Neurosciences
Anllely Fernandez, Katherine Corvalan, Octavia Santis, Maxs Mendez-Ruette, Ariel Caviedes, Matias Pizarro, Maria -Teresa Gomez, Luis Federico Batiz, Peter Landgraf, Thilo Kahne, Alejandro Rojas-Fernandez, Ursula Wyneken
Summary: This study reveals the importance of SUMOylation in modulating the protein cargo of astrocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and its potential impact on neurons.
Article
Neurosciences
Anika Luettig, Stefanie Perl, Maria Zetsche, Franziska Richter, Denise Franz, Marco Heerdegen, Ruediger Koehling, Angelika Richter
Summary: This study found that changes in c-Fos activity during short-term stimulation of the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN) are associated with improvement in dystonia, and also discovered that the cerebellum may be involved in the antidystonic effects.
Article
Neurosciences
Yanlin Tao, Wei Shen, Houyuan Zhou, Zikang Li, Ting Pi, Hui Wu, Hailian Shi, Fei Huang, Xiaojun Wu
Summary: Depression has a higher incidence in women compared to men, and this study investigated the impact of sex on depressive behaviors and underlying mechanisms using a corticosterone-induced depression model in mice. The results showed sex-specific anxiety and depression behaviors in the model group, as well as differences in protein expression and neurotransmitter levels between male and female mice. These findings enhance our understanding of sex-specific differences in depression and support tailored interventions.
Review
Neurosciences
Dnyandev G. Gadhave, Vrashabh V. Sugandhi, Chandrakant R. Kokare
Summary: This article discusses the characteristics and importance of the tight junctions of endothelial cells in the CNS, which act as a biological barrier known as the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It focuses on overcoming the challenges of delivering therapeutic agents to the brain in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly multiple sclerosis, through the use of biomaterials. The article also highlights the current limitations of animal models for studying multiple sclerosis and suggests a potential future research direction.
Article
Neurosciences
Li-Min Mao, Khyathi Thallapureddy, John Q. Wang
Summary: Propofol can enhance synapsin phosphorylation and modulate synaptic transmission in the mouse brain. The study reveals the potential role of synapsin as a substrate of propofol and its effects on neurotransmitter release machinery.
Article
Neurosciences
Syed Maaz Ahmed Rizvi, Abdul Baseer Buriro, Irfan Ahmed, Abdul Aziz Memon
Summary: This study explores the effects of prolonged mask usage on the human brain by analyzing EEG and physiological parameters. The results show that the mean EEG spectral power in alpha, beta, and gamma sub-bands of individuals wearing masks is smaller than those without masks. The performances on cognitive tasks and oxygen saturation level differ between the two groups, while blood pressure, body temperature, and heart rate are similar. The analysis also reveals that the occipital and frontal lobes exhibit the greatest variability in channel measurements.
Article
Neurosciences
Rui-Fang Ma, Lu-Lu Xue, Jin-Xiang Liu, Li Chen, Liu-Lin Xiong, Ting-Hua Wang, Fei Liu
Summary: This study observed changes in brain infarction and blood vessels in rats during neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (NHIE) modeling using Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography (TCD). Longer duration of hypoxia was associated with more severe nerve damage. TCD can dynamically monitor cerebral infarction after NHIE modeling, which may serve as a useful auxiliary method for evaluating animal experimental models.
Article
Neurosciences
Yuxiang Dai, Chen Yu, Lu Zhou, Longyang Cheng, Hongbin Ni, Weibang Liang
Summary: Overexpression of CXCR4 in glioma is correlated with patient survival, and its inhibition can reduce invasion and migration of glioma cells. Inhibiting Nur77 also decreases cancer progression associated with CXCR4.