Article
Immunology
Min Chen, Pei Yang, Zixuan Xin, Jiating Chen, Weihao Zou, Lijuan Zhou, Lili Yang, Jiao Peng, Hongjuan Peng
Summary: Toxoplasma gondii is a pathogen causing toxoplasmosis and has similarities with immunotherapy for cancers. The knockout of GRA5 gene in T. gondii resulted in an avirulent strain that stimulated immune responses. ME49 & UDelta;gra5 vaccination provided protection against T. gondii infection and breast cancer by boosting anti-tumor responses. The vaccine upregulated Th1 cytokines and tumor-infiltrating T cells, and increased the number of immune cells in the spleen.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Iti Saraav, Luisa Cervantes-Barragan, Philipp Olias, Yong Fu, Qiuling Wang, Leran Wang, Yi Wang, Matthias Mack, Megan T. Baldridge, Thaddeus Stappenbeck, Marco Colonna, L. David Sibley
Summary: Oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii exacerbates damage to the colon caused by chemical irritant and impairs wound healing by suppressing stem cell regeneration. Enhanced tissue damage is due to inflammatory monocytes releasing inflammatory mediators.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Yan He, Daxiang Xu, Ziyi Yan, Yongshuai Wu, Yongsheng Zhang, Xiaokang Tian, Jinhang Zhu, Zhuanzhuan Liu, Wanpeng Cheng, Kuiyang Zheng, Xiaoying Yang, Yinghua Yu, Wei Pan
Summary: In this study, the researchers found that chronic infection of Toxoplasma gondii impairs cognitive function and activates microglia while disrupting the Acod1/itaconate axis. However, administration of dimethyl itaconate can significantly improve cognitive deficits and synaptic impairment caused by the parasitic infection.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Fabian W. Corlier, Teal S. Eich
Summary: Cognitive inhibition, specifically the ability to inhibit irrelevant information from memory, is impaired with aging. This study used three computer-based tasks to assess memory inhibition and identified distinct memory retrieval and memory inhibition processes that were age-dependent. The findings suggest that inhibitory impairments may precede memory deficits in healthy aging.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Lance D. Erickson, Bruce L. Brown, Shawn D. Gale, Dawson W. Hedges
Summary: The study found that the parasite Toxoplasma gondii may be associated with decreased total gray-matter volume in middle-aged and older adults in a community sample from the United Kingdom. However, no associations were found between Toxoplasma gondii and prefrontal, hippocampal, and thalamic gray-matter volumes.
Article
Neurosciences
Nikki L. Hill, Sakshi Bhargava, Emily Bratlee-Whitaker, Jennifer R. Turner, Monique J. Brown, Jacqueline Mogle
Summary: Older adults who were more likely to report SCD had lower average objective memory (between-person associations), and depressive symptoms partially mediated this relationship in three of four datasets. However, changes in depressive symptoms did not mediate the relationship between reports of SCD and declines in objective memory in three of four datasets (within-person associations).
JOURNAL OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
(2021)
Review
Psychiatry
Lies de Haan, Arjen L. Sutterland, Jasper Schotborgh, Frederike Schirmbeck, Lieuwe de Haan
Summary: The study systematically analyzed cognitive function in healthy individuals with and without T gondii infection, finding an association between T gondii seropositivity and mild cognitive impairment across multiple cognitive domains. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of this association.
Review
Parasitology
Rajshekhar Y. Gaji, Amanda K. Sharp, Anne M. Brown
Summary: Toxoplasma gondii is a life-threatening intracellular pathogen that depends on protein kinases for its life cycle. Research on Toxoplasma kinases aims to understand their functions and potentially develop therapeutics against this parasite.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Soraya Lahlou, Ella Gabitov, Lucy Owen, Daphna Shohamy, Madeleine Sharp
Summary: Motor memory is preserved in Parkinson's patients and may be supported by compensatory non dopamine-sensitive mechanisms. Initial learning dopamine state does not influence motor memory. Parkinson's disease and aging may affect motor memory in similar ways.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Deanna Kruszon-Moran, Debra Brody, Bradley Pearce
Summary: The study found a relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara infection and cognitive function, with Toxocara infection being particularly associated with diminished cognitive performance in older adults.
JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Parasitology
Anamaria Ioana Pastiu, Viorica Mircean, Aurelien Mercier, Karine Passebosc-Faure, Nicolas Plault, Marie-Laure Darde, Radu Blaga, Isabelle Villena, Dana Liana Pusta, Anamaria Cozma-Petrut, Adriana Gyoerke
Summary: This study investigated the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep in Romania and successfully isolated the infective strains. The results showed a high prevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and lambs, highlighting the significant risk of human infection through consuming raw or undercooked sheep/lamb meat.
PARASITES & VECTORS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Wen Jiang, Mengyue Wang
Summary: Through studying the genotype of Toxoplasma gondii, it was found that there are genetic differences in Central and South America. From the perspective of pathogen virulence evolution, it is discovered that transmission route is a key factor causing global genetic differences in Toxoplasma gondii, and the diversity of hosts does not always increase its virulence differences. The reproductive mode of Toxoplasma gondii and frequent human trades are prerequisites for the development of its virulence.
APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Cristiana Luiza Radoi, Ovidiu Mircea Zlatian, Maria Balasoiu, Lucian Giubelan, Andreea Cristina Stoian, Livia Dragonu, Alexandru Neacsu, Dominic Gabriel Iliescu
Summary: This study examined the prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in two groups of childbearing age women. The results showed a decrease in the overall positivity rate of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies, indicating improved public health interventions. However, there were variations among different age groups and between rural and urban environments, with a significant decrease in urban areas.
Article
Microbiology
Farlen J. B. Miranda, Bruno C. Rocha, Milton C. A. Pereira, Larissa M. N. Pereira, Erikson H. M. de Souza, Ana P. Marino, Pedro A. C. Costa, Daniel V. Vasconcelos-Santos, Lis R. Antonelli, Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
Summary: Toxoplasmosis affects a significant portion of the global population, with humans becoming accidental hosts through consumption of undercooked meat and contaminated water. Neutrophils play a crucial role in controlling T. gondii infections, with their activation and formation of NETs amplifying both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Review
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Olivia Nop, Anna Senft Miller, Hannah Culver, Jenna Makarewicz, Julie A. Dumas
Summary: Nicotine as a method for improving cognition in healthy older adults without dementia has potential benefits in slowing neurodegeneration in aging, highlighting the importance of understanding cognitive changes in aging and maintaining cognitive abilities throughout normal cognitive aging.
FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Alexandra Hering, Nele Wild-Wall, Michael Falkenstein, Patrick D. Gajewski, Katharina Zinke, Mareike Altgassen, Matthias Kliegel
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Neurosciences
Patrick D. Gajewski, Michael Falkenstein, Sven Thoenes, Edmund Wascher
Article
Neurosciences
Patrick D. Gajewski, Sven Thoenes, Michael Falkenstein, Edmund Wascher, Stephan Getzmann
FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE
(2020)
Article
Psychology, Clinical
Guy Potter, Daniel Hatch, Hannah Hagy, Thea Raduntz, Patrick Gajewski, Michael Falkenstein, Gabriele Freude
Summary: This study found that cognitive deficits associated with burnout symptoms may lead to distress in the workplace, but they are not directly linked to depression symptoms. Despite finding some cognitive deficits in acute exhaustion-related burnout, this did not effectively predict clinically significant symptoms.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Gianvito Laera, Giorgio Arcara, Patrick D. Gajewski, Matthias Kliegel, Alexandra Hering
Summary: The present study analyzed electrophysiological data to describe the age-related patterns of brain oscillations associated with the prospective and the retrospective components of prospective memory. The results showed that the prospective component was associated with age differences in alpha and beta frequency bands, while no age differences emerged with respect to the retrospective component.
Article
Neurosciences
Stephan Getzmann, Stefan Arnau, Patrick D. Gajewski, Edmund Wascher
Summary: This study investigated the impact of auditory distraction on time perception, revealing that deviant-pitch tones particularly affected the accurate discrimination of long tones, possibly due to a withdrawal of attentional resources from time information processing.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Juliana Yordanova, Patrick D. Gajewski, Stephan Getzmann, Roumen Kirov, Michael Falkenstein, Vasil Kolev
Summary: The study found that older adults performed significantly slower in dual-tasking, with T1 task preparation being facilitated in both age groups, while T2 processing in older adults was not optimized as efficiently as in young adults. Young adults showed a more stable pattern of focused attention, while older adults displayed a broader distribution of negative slow-wave activity.
FRONTIERS IN AGING NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Patrick D. Gajewski, Stephan Getzmann, Peter Brode, Michael Burke, Cristina Cadenas, Silvia Capellino, Maren Claus, Erhan Genc, Klaus Golka, Jan G. Hengstler, Thomas Kleinsorge, Rosemarie Marchan, Michael A. Nitsche, Jorg Reinders, Christoph van Thriel, Carsten Watzl, Edmund Wascher
Summary: The Dortmund Vital Study aims to investigate the relationships between biological and environmental factors and cognitive functioning in healthy working adults. The study employs a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal methods and collects a wide range of data, including demographics, psychology, behavior, cardiovascular health, and neuroimaging. The results of the study are expected to shed light on the individual differences in cognitive functioning with age and identify markers for healthy aging and cognitive decline.
JMIR RESEARCH PROTOCOLS
(2022)
Article
Biology
Peter Broede, Maren Claus, Patrick D. Gajewski, Stephan Getzmann, Klaus Golka, Jan G. Hengstler, Edmund Wascher, Carsten Watzl
Summary: This study compared immunosenescence biomarkers with chronological age for predicting low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and found that immune age could outperform chronological age as a predictor for low CRF. Factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, chronological age, and immune age were associated with increased probability of low CRF.
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Jennifer A. A. Rieker, Patrick D. D. Gajewski, Jose Manuel Reales, Soledad Ballesteros, Klaus Golka, Jan G. G. Hengstler, Edmund Wascher, Stephan Getzmann
Summary: This study employed a multi-group structural equation approach to examine the relationship between modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive functions, and work ability (WA). The results indicated that social life outside work had a significant positive effect on WA in both middle-aged and older adults. Physical fitness had a significant effect on WA only in middle-aged adults, while cognitive functions had no significant influence on WA in either group. This research contributes to our understanding of how WA can be effectively promoted in different age groups.
INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Osman Akan, Anne Bierbrauer, Lukas Kunz, Patrick D. Gajewski, Stephan Getzmann, Jan G. Hengstler, Edmund Wascher, Nikolai Axmacher, Oliver T. Wolf
Summary: Repeated exposure to chronic stress can impair cognitive functions such as long-term memory and navigation. It is still unclear whether chronic stress affects path integration, a navigational strategy that relies on the functioning of grid cells in the entorhinal cortex. This study aimed to investigate the association between chronic stress and path integration performance, and the results suggest a potential impairment of path integration due to chronic stress.
BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Patrick D. Gajewski, Klaus Golka, Jan G. Hengstler, Thura Kadhum, Jan Digutsch, Erhan Genc, Edmund Wascher, Stephan Getzmann
Summary: There is a large interindividual variability in cognitive functioning with increasing age due to biological and lifestyle factors. One of the most important lifestyle factors is physical fitness (PF), which is widely accepted to be associated with brain activity. However, the specific cognitive functions affected by PF across different ages are not well understood. This study aims to investigate the relationship between PF and cognition, as well as general intelligence, in healthy adults, and whether this relationship differs across different age groups.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Annakarina Mundorf, Stephan Getzmann, Patrick D. D. Gajewski, Mauro F. F. Larra, Edmund Wascher, Sebastian Ocklenburg
Summary: Research suggests that there may be differential associations between stress exposure and reactivity with handedness, and that shallow phenotyping may affect our current knowledge in this area. It is important to note that different measures of handedness do not necessarily correlate highly with each other, and should not be used interchangeably as they may reflect different dimensions of laterality. This study analyzed data from 599 participants to determine various asymmetry indices, and found that hand preference measures resulted in the highest effect sizes and most consistent correlations with stress and mental well-being.
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Patrick D. Gajewski, Jennifer A. Rieker, Georgios Athanassiou, Peter Broede, Maren Claus, Klaus Golka, Jan G. Hengstler, Thomas Kleinsorge, Michael A. Nitsche, Joerg Reinders, Anita Tisch, Carsten Watzl, Edmund Wascher, Stephan Getzmann
Summary: As employees age, their physical and mental abilities decline, which decreases their work ability and increases the risk for long-term sick leave or premature retirement. This study systematically evaluated a wide range of factors to identify the most crucial predictors of low and high work ability. The results showed that sociodemographic factors such as education, social activities, and sleep quality have a significant impact on work ability, and age-dependent and age-independent determinants of work ability were identified.
JMIR FORMATIVE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Patrick D. Gajewski, Catharina Stahn, Joachim Zuelch, Edmund Wascher, Stephan Getzmann, Michael Falkenstein
Summary: Chronic stress can reduce the effectiveness of cognitive interventions, but can be mitigated through short-term stress management training, leading to improved attention and memory in daily life. In contrast, cognitive training is more effective in occupational settings with lower stress levels, with effects lasting at least three months. Stress management training in these conditions has less impact.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2023)
Letter
Immunology
Wan-Ju Cheng, Hong-Mo Shih, Kuan-Pin Su, Po-Ren Hsueh
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Felipe Kenji Sudo, Talita P. Pinto, Fernanda G. Q. Barros-Aragao, Ivanei Bramati, Theo F. Marins, Marina Monteiro, Fernanda Meireles, Rejane Soares, Pilar Erthal, Victor Calil, Naima Assuncao, Natalia Oliveira, Joana Bondarovsky, Camila Lima, Beatriz Chagas, Alana Batista, Julia Lins, Thais L. Pinheiro, Felippe Mendonca, Andrea Silveira de Souza, Fernanda C. Rodrigues, Gabriel R. de Freitas, Pedro Kurtz, Paulo Mattos, Erika C. Rodrigues, Fernanda G. De Felice, Fernanda Tovar-Moll
Summary: Post-COVID-19 Condition (PCC) is a multisystemic syndrome that persists for months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, affecting cognitive function and neuropsychiatric features. A study on COVID-19 survivors in Brazil found that these patients experienced significant difficulties in overall cognition, memory, working memory, and inhibitory control, as well as fatigue, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. In addition, elevated levels of inflammatory markers in the blood were associated with brain microstructural damage and cognitive impairments.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Letter
Immunology
Tieh-Cheng Fu, Juei-Chao Chen, Ching-Mao Chang
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Aastha Dheer, Dale B. Bosco, Jiaying Zheng, Lingxiao Wang, Shunyi Zhao, Koichiro Haruwaka, Min-Hee Yi, Abhijeet Barath, Dai-Shi Tian, Long-Jun Wu
Summary: Microglial activation plays a crucial role in the pathology of epilepsy, with both acute and prolonged activation affecting seizure severity and neuronal loss.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Julie B. Rosenberg, Jens Richardt Mollegaard Jepsen, Parisa Mohammadzadeh, Astrid Sevelsted, Rebecca Vinding, Mikkel E. Sorensen, David Horner, Kristina Aagaard, Birgitte Fagerlund, Susanne Brix, Nilofar Folsgaard, Ann -Marie M. Schoos, Jakob Stokholm, Bo Chawes, Christos Pantelis, Soren Dalsgaard, Birte Y. Glenthoj, Niels Bilenberg, Klaus Bonnelykke, Bjorn H. Ebdrup
Summary: Clinical data demonstrates a strong association between prenatal maternal inflammation assessed by hs-CRP and a diagnosis of ADHD by age 10. Maternal inflammation is also associated with ADHD symptom load in the entire cohort.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Suzanne M. Green-Fulgham, Michael J. Lacagnina, Kendal F. Willcox, Jiahe Li, Michael E. Harland, Adriano Polican Ciena, Igor R. Correia Rocha, Jayson B. Ball, Renee A. Dreher, Younus A. Zuberi, Joseph M. Dragavon, Marucia Chacur, Steven F. Maier, Linda R. Watkins, Peter M. Grace
Summary: Regular aerobic activity, specifically voluntary wheel running, can reduce the risk of chronic pain by inhibiting MAC and preserving myelin integrity at the site of peripheral nerve injury.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
India Boyton, Stella M. Valenzuela, Lyndsey E. Collins-Praino, Andrew Care
Summary: Neuronanomedicine is a multidisciplinary field that aims to develop innovative nanotechnologies for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Nanoparticles are an important component of neuronanomedicine, as they can improve drug properties and enhance safety and delivery across the blood-brain barrier. However, a major challenge for neuronanomedicine translation is the poor understanding of bio-nano interactions, partly due to inconsistent reporting in published works. This review provides specific recommendations to guide researchers in harnessing the unique properties of nanoparticles for breakthrough treatments of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Celine De Looze, Cathal McCrory, Aisling O'Halloran, Silvia Polidoro, Rose Anne Kenny, Joanne Feeney
Summary: Our study found that subjective measures of stress and biological metrics may be independently associated with cognitive function over time in older adults, hinting at potential different underlying mechanisms.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Beatrice Bravi, Elisa Maria Teresa Melloni, Marco Paolini, Mariagrazia Palladini, Federico Calesella, Laura Servidio, Elena Agnoletto, Sara Poletti, Cristina Lorenzi, Cristina Colombo, Francesco Benedetti
Summary: Depressed patients show changes in immune-inflammatory markers in their blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The Choroid Plexus, located at the base of the brain ventricles, plays a key role in regulating the exchange of substances between the brain and immune cells. Patients with bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder have larger Choroid Plexus volumes compared to healthy controls. Age and levels of circulating cytokines are associated with Choroid Plexus volumes in the clinical groups.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Mingxuan Zheng, Huaiyu Ye, Xiaoying Yang, Lijun Shen, Xuemei Dang, Xiaoli Liu, Yuying Gong, Qingyuan Wu, Li Wang, Xing Ge, Xiaoli Fang, Benchi Hou, Peng Zhang, Renxian Tang, Kuiyang Zheng, Xu-Feng Huang, Yinghua Yu
Summary: Obesity is linked to cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative disease. The connection between the gut microbiota and the brain is altered in obesity. The probiotic Clostridium butyricum can improve cognitive impairment caused by obesity and prevent gut microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Edward Drydale, Phalguni Rath, Katie Holden, Gregory Holt, Laurissa Havins, Thomas Johnson, James Bancroft, Lahiru Handunnetthi
Summary: This study created a novel three-dimensional neurosphere assay using induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation and live cell imaging techniques to investigate the effect of a simulated viral infection on cortical development. The findings demonstrated that the infection led to reduced radial glial growth and neural migration.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Yuancheng Weng, Ningting Chen, Rui Zhang, Jian He, Xukai Ding, Guo Cheng, Qianqian Bi, Ying-mei Lu, Xiao Z. Shen, Shu Wan, Peng Shi
Summary: This study reveals that microglia is the primary cellular source of PDGFB in adults, and microglial PDGFB is crucial for maintaining BBB integrity in adult mice.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Evan A. Bordt, Haley A. Moya, Young Chan Jo, Caitlin T. Ravichandran, Izabella M. Bankowski, Alexis M. Ceasrine, Christopher J. Mcdougle, William A. Carlezon Jr, Staci D. Bilbo
Summary: There is a strong male bias in many neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, but the mechanisms behind this bias are unknown. Infection during the perinatal period increases the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Using a mouse model, researchers found that early-life immune activation only induced deficits in social behaviors in male mice. These behavioral changes were associated with alterations in microglial immune signaling, mitochondrial morphology, gene expression, and function specifically in microglia, the brain's innate immune cells. Furthermore, the vulnerability to early-life immune activation and its effects on behavior and microglial mitochondria were programmed by the male-typical perinatal gonadal hormone surge. These findings highlight the role of microglia-specific mechanisms shaped by early developmental events in regulating male social behavior throughout lifespan.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Maria Amalia Di Castro, Stefano Garofalo, Alessandro Mormino, Laura Carbonari, Erika Di Pietro, Eleonora De Felice, Myriam Catalano, Laura Maggi, Cristina Limatola
Summary: Cytokines, such as interleukin-15 (IL-15), play important roles in modulating the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, the authors found that exposure to IL-15 enhances GABA release and reduces glutamatergic currents in hippocampal slices. Chronic treatment with IL-15 has negative effects on memory formation. Serotonin is involved in mediating these effects, as a selective 5-HT3A receptor antagonist prevents the effects on inhibitory neurotransmission and improves performance in a memory test.
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)
Article
Immunology
Nikhitha Sreenivas, Michael Maes, Hansashree Padmanabha, Apoorva Dharmendra, Priyanka Chakkera, Saptamita Paul Choudhury, Fazal Abdul, Thrinath Mullapudi, Vykuntaraju K. Gowda, Michael Berk, John Vijay Sagar Kommu, Monojit Debnath
Summary: Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a spectrum of conditions with both common and differing characteristics in terms of phenome, symptomatome, neuropathology, risk factors and underlying mechanisms. This study investigates the possibility of a shared immune etiology among three early-onset NDDs, namely Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Intellectual Disability Disorder (IDD).
BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY
(2024)