β2 integrins separate graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effects

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Migration of donor-derived T cells into GVHD target organs plays an essential role in the development of GVHD. beta(2) integrins are critically important for leukocyte extravasation through vascular endothelia and for T-cell activation. We asked whether CD18-deficient T cells would induce less GVHD while sparing the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect. In murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation models, we found that recipients of CD18(-/-) donor T cells had significantly less GVHD morbidity and mortality compared with recipients of wild-type (WT) donor T cells. Analysis of alloreactivity showed that CD18(-/-) and WT T cells had comparable activation, expansion, and cytokine production in vivo. Reduced GVHD was associated with a significant decrease in donor T-cell infiltration of recipient intestine and with an overall decrease in pathologic scores in intestine and liver. Finally, we found that the in vivo GVL effect of CD18(-/-) donor T cells was largely preserved, because mortality of the recipients who received transplants of CD18(-/-) T cells plus tumor cells was greatly delayed or prevented. Our data suggest that strategies to target beta(2) integrin have clinical potential to alleviate or prevent GVHD while sparing GVL activity.