Alginate Lyase: Structure, Property, and Application

Alginate is a linear polysaccharide in which beta-D-mannuronate (M) and its epimer, alpha-L-guluronate (G), are covalently (1-4)-linked in different sequences. Alginate is mainly used as a food additive to modify food texture due to its high viscosity and gelling property. Alginate lyase can degrade alginate by cleaving the glycosidic bond through a beta-elimination reaction, generating oligomer with 4-deoxy-L-erythro-hex-4-enepyranosyluronate at the non-reducing end. Alginate oligosaccharides have been shown to stimulate the growth of human endothelial cells and the secretion of cytotoxic cytokines from human macrophage. Alginate can be converted into unsaturated monosaccharide by saccharification process using endolytic and exolytic alginate lyases, thus alginate lyases have potential as key biocatalyst for application of alginate as a renewable source for biochemicals and biofuels in near future. In this paper, structures and functions of various alginate lyases are reviewed. Prospects on future applications of alginate lyases are also discussed.