期刊
JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY
卷 41, 期 7, 页码 641-650出版社
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0599-1
关键词
Diel variation; Floral scent; Nectar scent; GC/MS; S-(+)-linalool; Pollen odor; Staminode
资金
- Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [FOA11H-317, FOA13H-190]
- New York Floral Association
- Bertil Lundmans Fund for Botanical Studies
- Regnell Botanical Travel Scholarship
- Uppsala University
- NSF [DEB-0746106, DEB-1342792, IOS-0950225]
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1342792] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Variability in floral volatile emissions can occur temporally through floral development, during diel cycles, as well as spatially within a flower. These spatiotemporal patterns are hypothesized to provide additional information to floral visitors, but they are rarely measured, and their attendant hypotheses are even more rarely tested. In Penstemon digitalis, a plant whose floral scent has been shown to be under strong phenotypic selection for seed fitness, we investigated spatiotemporal variation in floral scent by using dynamic headspace collection, respectively solid-phase microextraction, and analyzed the volatile samples by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Total volatile emission was greatest during flowering and peak pollinator activity hours, suggesting its importance in mediating ecological interactions. We also detected tissue and reward-specific compounds, consistent with the hypothesis that complexity in floral scent composition reflects several ecological functions. In particular, we found tissue-specific scents for the stigma, stamens, and staminode (a modified sterile stamen common to all Penstemons). Our findings emphasize the dynamic nature of floral scents and highlight a need for greater understanding of ecological and physiological mechanisms driving spatiotemporal patterns in scent production.
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