期刊
BIOLOGICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN
卷 35, 期 7, 页码 1137-1144出版社
PHARMACEUTICAL SOC JAPAN
DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00187
关键词
anti-inflammation; Chlorella ellipsoidea; microalgae; violaxanthin; RAW 264.7 cell; nuclear factor-kappa B p65
资金
- Regional Technology Innovation Program of the Ministry of Knowledge Economics (MKE) [RTI05-01-02]
- Brain Korea (BK21) program
- Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
- Korea Institute of Industrial Technology(KITECH) [B0008559] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- National Research Foundation of Korea [핵06B2509] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
Violaxanthin is a major carotenoid of microalgae Chlorella ellipsoidea and is also found in dark-green leafy vegetables, such as spinach. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of violaxanthin isolated from C. ellipsoidea was examined using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanism of action of purified violaxanthin was assessed using various assays, such as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blotting, and electrophoretic-mobility shift assay (EMSA). The results of this combined analysis revealed that violaxanthin significantly inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and the prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)). Interestingly, violaxanthin effectively inhibited LPS-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) p65 subunit translocation into the nucleus, suggesting that the violaxanthin anti-inflammatory activity may be based on inhibition of the NF-kappa B pathways. In conclusion, violaxanthin of C. ellipsoidea holds promise for use as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for either therapeutic or functional adjuvant purposes.
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