Potential of Plants from the Genus Agave as Bioenergy Crops

Agave is a succulent genus within the monocot family Agavaceae. The plants have a large rosette of thick fleshy leaves, each ending generally in a sharp point, and are native to arid and semi-arid regions from the southern USA to northern South America. The most important commercial species is Agave tequilana grown for production of tequila. Several cultivated species of Agave such as Agave sislana and Agave salmiana can perform well in areas where rainfall is insufficient for the cultivation of many C-3 and C-4 crops. The key feature of the crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthetic pathway used by agaves is the stomata opening and CO2 uptake during the night, thus allowing less water to be lost by transpiration. Alcoholic beverages, sweeteners, fibers, and some specialty chemicals are currently the main products coming from agave plants. The recovered information related to productivity, biofuel processability, by-products, etc. suggests that some Agave species have a real potential to compete economically with other bioenergy crops. But more than compete, it could complement the list of bioenergy crops due to its capacity to grow with very little rainfall and/or inputs and still reach good amount of biomass, so unused semi-arid land could be productive. Although Agave has great potential to be developed as a bioenergy crop, more laboratory and field research are needed.