Angiotensin receptor 1 blockade reduces secretion of inflammation associated cytokines from cultured human carotid atheroma and vascular cells in association with reduced extracellular signal regulated kinase expression and activation

Background: A number of studies have suggested that angiotensin II (AII) receptor type 1 (ATR1) blocking drugs (ARBs) have anti-inflammatory effects however the mechanisms responsible are poorly investigated. Objective: To determine the role of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in ARB induced anti-inflammatory effects within human carotid atherosclerosis. Methods: Atheroma samples obtained from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were cultured with and without ATR1 (irbesartan), ERK1/2 (PD98059), AII ([ Sar(1), Ile(8)]-AII) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 (DX600) blockade. The in vitro effects of ATR1 and ERK1/2 blockade and exogenous AII on serum stimulated healthy, primary vascular cells were also investigated. Outcome was assessed by measuring cytokine, (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, C-C motif chemokine (CCL) 2, C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL) 5, osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), CXCL16), concentrations in supernatants and phosphorylated ERK1/2 in the tissue lysates using ELISA. ERK1/2 expression in the tissue was assessed using Western blotting. Results: Irbesartan reduced concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CXCL5, OPG, OPN and CXCL16 in both atheroma and primary vascular cell culture supernatants. The reduction in cytokine levels in the atheroma supernatant was correlated to a reduction in ERK1/2 expression in the tissue. Inhibition of ERK1/2 downregulated IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL5 in both atheroma and cell culture supernatants. AII and ACE2 blockade had no impact on cytokine or active ERK1/2 levels in the atheroma culture. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ATR1 blockade downregulates atheroma tissue ERK1/2 expression leading to a reduction in cytokine production and that a non-AII agonist ATR1 signalling response may induce expression of these inflammation associated cytokines in the atheroma. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.