On the constancy of the characteristic mass of young stars

The characteristic mass M-c in the stellar initial mass function (IMF) is about constant for most star-forming regions. Numerical simulations consistently show a proportionality between M-c and the thermal Jeans mass M-J at the time of cloud fragmentation, but no models have explained how it can be the same in diverse conditions. Here we show that M-J depends weakly on density, temperature, metallicity, and radiation field in three environments: the dense cores where stars form, larger star-forming regions ranging from GMCs to galactic disks, and the interiors of H II regions and super star clusters. In dense cores, the quantity T(3/2)n(-1/2) that appears in M-J scales with core density as n(0.25) or with radiation density as U-0.1 at the density where dust and gas come into thermal equilibrium. On larger scales, this quantity varies with ambient density as n(-0.05) and ambient radiation field as U-0.033 when the Kennicutt-Schmidt law of star formation determines U(n). In super star clusters with ionization and compression of prestellar globules, M-J varies as the 0.13 power of the cluster column density. These weak dependencies on n, U, and column density imply that most environmental variations affect the thermal Jeans mass by at most a factor of similar to 2. Cosmological increases in M-J, which have been suggested by observations, may be explained if the star formation efficiency is systematically higher at high redshift for a given density and pressure, if dust grains are smaller at lower metallicity, and so hotter for a given radiation field, or if small prestellar cores are more severely ionized in extreme starburst conditions.