Article
Fisheries
Omar Sickander, Ramon Filgueira
Summary: Aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry, and Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is a potential solution to minimize waste impact on ecosystems. However, there are challenges to implementing IMTA in Atlantic Salmon farms, such as scaling up extractive species and economic issues.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Guang Gao, Lin Gao, Qianqian Fu, Xinshu Li, Juntian Xu
Summary: Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) is proposed as an environmentally friendly solution for aquatic food production. However, little is known about the effects of IMTA on the growth rates and food quality of animals and plants, as well as the seasonal effects. In this study, field mesocosm experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of IMTA on the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the macroalga Ulva linza. The results showed that IMTA significantly reduced dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus levels, while increasing dissolved oxygen and pH. Furthermore, IMTA stimulated the growth rates of both shrimp and Ulva in all seasons, and improved the food quality of both species.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Marcella Araujo do Amaral Carneiro, Julia Fanny de Jesus Resende, Sergio Ricardo Oliveira, Felipe de Oliveira Fernandes, Henrique Douglas dos Santos Borburema, Marcelle Stephanne Barbosa-Silva, Ana Beatriz Gomes Ferreira, Eliane Marinho-Soriano
Summary: The study evaluated the performance of red alga Gracilariopsis tenuifrons as a biofilter in a multi-trophic cultivation system with Litopenaeus vannamei. Results showed that using Gp. tenuifrons can increase seaweed and shrimp growth rates, remove waste substances from water, and help conserve water resources.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Fisheries
Samantha E. Crowley, Ian R. Bradbury, Amber M. Messmer, Steven J. Duffy, Christopher C. Parrish, Shahinur S. Islam, Ian A. Fleming
Summary: Based on the lipid and fatty acid analysis of different cross types of Atlantic salmon, this study found differences in storage and foraging ability among them. Farm fish showed the greatest differentiation at recapture and may have a feeding disadvantage.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Daniele Arduini, Claudio Calabrese, Jacopo Borghese, Stefania De Domenico, Matteo Putignano, Andrea Toso, Cinzia Gravili, Adriana Giangrande
Summary: This paper aims to explore the potential exploitation of the biomass of the polychaete worm Sabella spallanzanii obtained from an Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) system. The study finds that S. spallanzanii can effectively remove suspended matter and has the potential to be used as fish bait, an ornamental organism, and in fish feed markets. The research also demonstrates the feasibility of using S. spallanzanii as a sustainable source of animal proteins in the fish feed industry.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
P. Jimenez-Prada, I. Hachero-Cruzado, J. M. Guerra-Garcia
Summary: The study found that large-scale culture of Gammarus insensibilis using inexpensive diets in indoor facilities could provide a nutritious product for aquaculture; it also discussed the potential development of a sustainable culture using this species in marsh ponds in the context of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA).
AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Review
Fisheries
Marit A. J. Nederlof, Marc C. J. Verdegem, Aad C. Smaal, Henrice M. Jansen
Summary: This study aims to provide a generic framework for quantifying nutrient retention efficiency in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems and found that various biological and environmental factors may limit retention efficiencies. The results show that retention efficiencies of 45%-75% for closed systems and 40%-50% for open systems are more realistic based on evaluation against the theoretical reference frame.
REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yuchuan Li, May-Kristin Torp, Frode Norheim, Prabhat Khanal, Alan R. Kimmel, Kare-Olav Stenslokken, Jarle Vaage, Knut Tomas Dalen
Summary: Plin5 is abundantly expressed in the heart where it facilitates the interaction between lipid droplets and mitochondria. Its role in fatty acid uptake and oxidation in cardiomyocytes was studied, revealing that Plin5 affects lipid droplet storage primarily by repressing adipose triglyceride lipase activity. Interestingly, Plin5 expression and cardiac lipid droplet content have little impact on tolerance to acute hypoxia and ischemia, contrasting its protective role in mouse models during myocardial ischemia.
BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGY OF LIPIDS
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Jingjing Tian, Yihui Du, Binbin Wang, Mengmeng Ji, Hongyan Li, Yun Xia, Kai Zhang, Zhifei Li, Wenping Xie, Wangbao Gong, Ermeng Yu, Guangjun Wang, Jun Xie
Summary: Excessive hepatic lipid accumulation in cultured fish is poorly understood. In this study, using a zebrafish liver cell line, the authors found that LD accumulation is accompanied by the differential expression of LD-related genes, including dhrs3a/b. Knockdown of dhrs3a delayed LD accumulation and downregulated pparg expression. Dhrs3 catalyzed retinene to retinol, which increased in LD-enriched cells. The addition of exogenous retinyl acetate maintained LD accumulation and altered the lipidome of the cells.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Gabriela Claudia Arato Bergamo, Bruno Silva Olier, Otavio Mesquita de Sousa, Vanessa Villanova Kuhnen, Maria Fernanda Guedes Pessoa, Eduardo Gomes Sanches
Summary: This study evaluated the use of a multi-trophic system in mariculture to improve economic viability and reduce environmental impacts. The multi-trophic system showed greater economic viability in different scenarios, demonstrating more resilience and economic attractiveness to entrepreneurs. Production diversification is a lower investment alternative that can favor economic return and mitigate risks associated with monocultures in small-scale systems.
AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL
(2021)
Article
Fisheries
Gwangseok R. Yoon, Hamza Amjad, Alyssa M. Weinrauch, Andrew Laluk, Miyoung Suh, W. Gary Anderson
Summary: The study found that feeding Lake Sturgeon with Artemia nauplii enriched with EPA and DHA could have positive effects on growth and survival, which could be beneficial for improving post-release survival rates in conservation aquaculture.
Article
Food Science & Technology
Shihui Wang, Kun Guo, Liang Luo, Rui Zhang, Wei Xu, Yingying Song, Zhigang Zhao
Summary: This study found that fattening Chinese mitten crab in saline and alkaline water indoors has numerous advantages, including improvements in carotenoid accumulation in freeze-dried carapace, as well as enhanced nutritional and flavor quality in the gonads and muscles.
Review
Plant Sciences
Yingqi Cai, Xiao-Hong Yu, John Shanklin
Summary: Plants convert carbohydrates into energy-dense lipids through photosynthesis, making plant oils an economically and sustainably attractive feedstock for biofuels and value-added bioproducts. Various strategies have been developed to enhance lipid accumulation and produce specialty lipids with increased uses and value. Successful metabolic engineering involves expression of lipogenic factors from other sources or with specialized functionality.
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Agnieszka Torz, Marlena Burda, Miroslaw Polgesek, Jacek Sadowski, Arkadiusz Nedzarek
Summary: The study investigated the quantitative and qualitative transformations of nitrogen compounds in the IMTA system using the Media Filled Beds (MFB) method for plant cultivation. The results showed that mineral nitrogen concentration remained at levels sufficient for normal plant growth and development, while active nitrification and denitrification processes were detected.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Yi-Chan Liu, Samwel Mchele Limbu, Jin-Gang Wang, Mai Wang, Li-Qiao Chen, Fang Qiao, Yuan Luo, Mei-Ling Zhang, Zhen-Yu Du
Summary: This study investigated the role of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in improving liver health in Nile tilapia. The results showed that tilapia fed on DHA diets had lower lipid content in the liver and serum, as well as decreased triglyceride concentrations. Furthermore, DHA supplementation also downregulated the expression of genes related to liver damage.
COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Spela Korez, Lars Gutow, Reinhard Saborowski
Summary: Marine invertebrates, such as the brown shrimp, are known to ingest both natural and anthropogenic microplastics. In this study, it was found that exposure to various types of microplastics did not induce an oxidative stress response in the shrimp's digestive gland tissue. This suggests that the shrimp may have adapted to frequent ingestion of non-digestible particles and do not require continuous biochemical defense.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Barry Antonio Costa-Pierce, Abigail B. Bockus, Bela H. Buck, Sander W. K. van den Burg, Thierry Chopin, Joao G. Ferreira, Nils Goseberg, Kevin G. Heasman, Johan Johansen, Sandra E. Shumway, Neil A. Sims, Albert G. J. Tacon
Summary: The article highlights the importance of considering the future of aquaculture and makes suggestions for policies and investments. It emphasizes freshwater aquaculture as a more favorable production strategy compared to marine aquaculture and opposes open ocean aquaculture and other industrial-intensive forms of aquaculture.
REVIEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE & AQUACULTURE
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Christina Hoerterer, Jessica Petereit, Gisela Lannig, Johan Johansen, Gabriella Pereira, Luis E. C. Conceicao, Roberto Pastres, Bela H. Buck
Summary: In Europe, turbot aquaculture has the potential for sustainable production, but the low tolerance to fishmeal replacement poses a challenge. This study investigated the effects of more sustainable feed formulations on the growth and feed performance of juvenile turbot. The results showed that replacing fishmeal with processed animal proteins had a negative effect on feed performance, while replacing it with terrestrial plant proteins affected the nutritional status of the fish.
AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Jessica Petereit, Christina Hoerterer, Adrian A. Bischoff-Lang, Luis E. C. Conceicao, Gabriella Pereira, Johan Johansen, Roberto Pastres, Bela H. Buck
Summary: This study examines the impact of alternative feed formulations on European seabass and finds that these concepts are more sustainable compared to commercial feed. Additionally, the alternative formulations do not affect fillet quality or animal welfare, which are increasingly important factors in aquaculture.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Santiago E. A. Pineda-Metz, Verena Merk, Bernadette Pogoda
Summary: Ecosystem monitoring in the context of marine conservation and management requires the use of abundance and biomass metrics, as well as condition indices and measures of ecosystem services. Biometric transformation factors can be used to calculate these metrics. The restoration and monitoring of European oyster (Ostrea edulis) have increased significantly in the past decade, with various organizations and practitioners involved in restoration activities. Non-destructive techniques, such as the use of random forests, can support quantitative and qualitative monitoring by facilitating data acquisition and estimation without sacrificing oyster individuals.
AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Christina Hoerterer, Jessica Petereit, Gisela Lannig, Johan Johansen, Luis E. C. Conceicao, Bela H. Buck
Summary: Reducing the environmental impact of aquaculture feeds is critical for aquaculture sustainability. This study investigated the effects of two novel feed formulation concepts on the growth, feed performance, and nutritional status of market-sized turbot. The results showed that using sustainable terrestrial plant proteins and insect meal as alternative ingredients was more effective than using processed animal proteins, and partial replacement of fishmeal improved the growth and feed efficiency of turbot.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Enno Fricke, Matthew James Slater, Reinhard Saborowski, Alfred Wegener
Summary: Underutilized seafood by-products have potential as feed ingredients to reduce fish meal and oil use in aquaculture. This study found that Brown shrimp processing remains (BSPR) can be a nutritive and growth promoting feed ingredient for Pacific Whiteleg shrimp. Diets with 50% BSPR replacement of fishmeal showed the best weight gain, and higher BSPR inclusion levels improved molting synchronicity and feed conversion ratios. Shrimp haematology was unaffected by dietary treatment, indicating good health and nutritional status.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Santiago E. A. Pineda-Metz, Berenger Colsoul, Miriam Niewoehner, Tanja Hausen, Corina Peter, Bernadette Pogoda
Summary: This study presents the design, planning, and installation of the first pilot oyster reef in the offshore sublittoral regions of the North Sea. The results show that oyster reef construction can promote marine biodiversity recolonization, although the current pilot reef still has lower biodiversity compared to historical records.
AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Bernadette Pogoda, Tanja Hausen, Marko Rothe, Felix Bakker, Sarah Hauser, Berenger Colsoul, Manuel Dureuil, Jochen Krause, Kathrin Heinicke, Christian Pusch, Simone Eisenbarth, Axel Kreutle, Corina Peter, Roland Pesch
Summary: This study assessed the habitat suitability for the restoration of European oyster in marine protected areas of the German Bight in the North Sea. The results showed that implementing suitable management measures can improve the success rate of oyster habitat restoration and reduce restoration costs through targeted management activities.
AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Isabel Cardoso, Anneke Meissner, Anja Sawicki, Inka Bartsch, Klaus-Ulrich Valentin, Sophie Steinhagen, Bela H. Buck, Laurie C. Hofmann
Summary: The genus Ulva, known for its functional biochemical composition and rapid growth rates, has gained attention worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the use of salinity as a tool for strain selection and optimization of functional traits in Ulva cultivation. The findings showed that reducing salinity can reduce costs and improve the antioxidant activity of cultivated Ulva.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Christina Hoerterer, Jessica Petereit, Gisela Lannig, Christian Bock, Bela H. Buck
Summary: Circular economy-driven feed ingredients, such as insects and microbial meals, have the potential to replace fishmeal in high-trophic fish diets. This study examined the metabolic response of juvenile turbot to diets with graded fishmeal replacement with plant, animal, and emerging protein sources and found a decrease in metabolites associated with energy deficiency. The results suggest that balanced feed formulations with lower fishmeal replacement levels have the potential for industry application.
Article
Engineering, Marine
Gabriella do Vale Pereira, Luis E. C. Conceicao, Filipe Soares, Jessica Petereit, Bela. H. H. Buck, Johan Johansen, Jorge Dias, Filippo Faccenda
Summary: This trial aimed to assess the growth performance of trout fed novel formulations, evaluate fish welfare status, and determine flesh quality. The results show that the NoPAP+ diet resulted in better growth performance and higher protein retention compared to other diets. Sensory analysis also indicated higher acceptance for fish fed the NoPAP diet. These findings suggest that the new formulations are viable options for trout farming.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Editorial Material
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Bela H. H. Buck, Muki Shpigel
Summary: There is a growing interest in developing oceanic coastal shores for sustainable food sources and valuable products. This initiative focuses on the potential of marine seaweeds, specifically the genus Ulva, as a model organism for innovative mariculture in Europe. This COST Action aims to improve knowledge on Ulva biology, explore its economic potential, and promote commercial applications in various industries.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Verena Merk, Tanja Hausen, Timon Ameis, Berenger Colsoul, Maarten Boersma, Bernadette Pogoda
Summary: This study tested three different concentrations and immersion times of calcein for growth marking and potential negative effects on European oyster shells. The results showed that calcein is a reliable marker for measuring oyster growth, with no negative effects observed on growth and survival when used at a concentration of 100 mg l(-1) or higher and immersion times of 6 hours or more.
AQUATIC LIVING RESOURCES
(2023)
Article
Food Science & Technology
Gesche Krause, Lewis Le Vay, Bela H. Buck, Barry Antonio Costa-Pierce, Tobias Dewhurst, Kevin G. Heasman, Nancy Nevejan, Pernille Nielsen, Kare Nolde Nielsen, Kyungil Park, Maximilian F. Schupp, Jean-Baptiste Thomas, Max Troell, Julie Webb, Anna Lisa Wrange, Friederike Ziegler, Asa Strand
Summary: To protect the integrity of the planet, it is necessary to shift towards food production with low environmental impacts and carbon footprint. However, implementing this transformative change while ensuring food security is challenging and requires transdisciplinary approaches. By combining expertise from different fields, an alternative vision for the future of marine realm is proposed, focusing on aquaculture of low trophic marine species. This shift can support a sustainable blue economy, but it requires comprehensive policy-making and transdisciplinary research involving consumers and the wider public.
FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS
(2022)
Article
Fisheries
Hunter S. Bailey, Ashley N. Fincannon, Lee A. Fuiman
Summary: This study investigated the transfer of fatty acids from broodstock diets to eggs and the time needed for the eggs to equilibrate to the diet in Southern flounder. The findings indicate that different diet treatments significantly affect the fatty acid composition of eggs, and it takes 8-16 weeks for the eggs to adapt to changes in the adult diet. These results are important for improving broodstock diets and feeding protocols in stock-enhancement programs.
Article
Fisheries
Yu Liu, Mingtao Lei, Hector Victor, Yan Wang
Summary: This study confirms the feasibility of replacing raw fish diet with a formulated diet in commercial farming of large yellow croaker, which can increase fish survival and yield, and reduce feed cost and body lipid deposition.
Article
Fisheries
Xiaoyan Zhang, Lize San, Yucong Yang, Yuehong Tao, Jiangong Ren, Yufeng Liu, Zhongwei He, Jiashuo Di, Ziteng Pei, Guixing Wang, Jilun Hou
Summary: Gynogenesis is an effective technique for establishing homogeneous lines and confirming potential chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination in fish. This study successfully induced gynogenetic families in Thamnaconus modestus and established a complete method for gynogenesis induction.
Article
Fisheries
Julieta C. Martinelli, Megan Considine, Helen R. Casendino, Carolyn M. Tarpey, Isadora Jimenez-Hidalgo, Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamino, Teri L. King, Lorenz Hauser, Steven Rumrill, Chelsea L. Wood
Summary: Shell-boring polychaetes have caused significant damage to mariculture operations worldwide, particularly in the US Pacific region. This study provides a comprehensive dataset on the prevalence, species distribution, and environmental associations of these parasites, highlighting the impact of season, culturing methods, and environmental factors on infestation.
Article
Fisheries
Juan Gao, Xueshan Li, Kangle Lu, Kai Song, Jian Zhang, Ling Wang, Chunxiao Zhang
Summary: This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, and metamorphosis rate of bullfrog tadpoles. The optimal dietary protein level for bullfrog tadpoles was estimated to be 42.49%-46.50% of the diet.
Article
Fisheries
Qiang Li, Lijun Duan, Dongsheng Jin, Yuxin Chen, Yirong Lou, Qianjin Zhou, Zhongjie Xu, Fangjie Chen, Hongxian Chen, Guizong Xu, Maocang Yan, Guanjun Yang, Jianfei Lu, Yanjun Zhang, Jiong Chen
Summary: This study developed a centrifugal microfluidic chip with on-chip RPA to detect five pathogenic microorganisms. The chip enabled the parallel analysis of six genetic markers from a single sample and allowed for the highly automated detection of multiple samples. Compared with PCR and DNA sequencing, the on-chip RPA assay showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting multiple pathogens in shrimp aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Xingchen Huo, Pengxu Wang, Fengxia Zhao, Qian Liu, Qingqing Tian, Lingjie Tang, Maolin Lv, Zhaohui Wei, Chunrong Yang, Jianguo Su
Summary: Bacterial diseases in aquaculture ponds have negative effects on sustainable development. The use of composite I20 biotherapy has been shown to effectively treat bacterial diseases in bullfrog ponds, providing a new strategy for controlling bacterial diseases in aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Peng Yin, Takaya Saito, Per Gunnar Fjelldal, Bjorn Tharandur Bjornsson, Sofie Charlotte Remo, Sandeep Sharma, Rolf Erik Olsen, Kristin Hamre
Summary: This study aims to investigate the effect of seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod on the redox metabolism of Atlantic salmon at the molecular level. The research findings suggest that the changing photoperiod and temperature influenced the redox metabolism of Atlantic salmon, highlighting the importance of oxidative status in the ecological implications.
Article
Fisheries
Nicholas Oppong Mensah, Jeffery Kofi Asare, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku Mensah, Ernest Christlieb Amrago, Frank Osei Tutu, Anthony Donkor
Summary: This study investigates aquaculture farmers' preference for climate-smart aquaculture insurance products, the challenges they face, and their preferred insurance coverage. The results show that farmers prefer Climate-Induced Aquaculture Stock Mortality Insurance and the most significant constraint is the delay in claim settlement.
Article
Fisheries
Qiu-Ping Chai, Pei Wu, Wei-Dan Jiang, Yang Liu, Hong-Mei Ren, Xiao-Wan Jin, Lin Feng, Xiao-Qiu Zhou
Summary: The study found that appropriate levels of potassium diformate (KDF) can enhance the immune defense and mediate the inflammatory process in fish, possibly through the regulation of T cell differentiation via JAK-STAT and NF-kappa B signaling pathways.
Article
Fisheries
Tian Zhu, Haomin Jia, Haopeng Zhang, Yujing Xiao, Cui Han, Jiaxin Yang
Summary: Chicken manure has significant effects on the cultivation of Chlorella and rotifers. The optimal amount of chicken manure extract for continuous cultivation is 10 mLL-1. Chicken manure can promote the growth of Chlorella and improve the fatty acid composition, indirectly enhancing the growth condition and fatty acid content of rotifers.
Article
Fisheries
Zheng Luo, Yang Yu, Zhenning Bao, Fuhua Li
Summary: This study analyzed the heritability and genetic correlation of two growth traits in Pacific white shrimp and evaluated the genomic prediction using different genomic selection models. The results showed that the NeuralNet model had the highest prediction accuracy and better prospects for predicting shrimp growth traits.
Article
Fisheries
Alberto Ruiz, Ignasi Sanahuja, Karl B. Andree, Dolors Furones, Paul G. Holhorea, Josep A. Calduch-Giner, Jose J. Pastor, Marc Vinas, Jaume Perez-Sanchez, Sofia Morais, Enric Gisbert
Summary: Supplementing diets with a combination of spice oleoresins can reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in farmed fish. The combination of spice oleoresins also has an immunomodulatory effect on the fish's intestinal immune system, potentially offering anti-inflammatory benefits.
Article
Fisheries
Beibei Zhao, Renhui Mei, Le Li, Di Hu, Lei Li
Summary: This study reveals that JfCXCL8_L1a and JfCXCL8_L1b have different immune pathways, and JfCXCL8_L1b plays a significant role in enhancing the adaptive immunity of T cell-dependent antigen.
Article
Fisheries
Yuhang Liu, Danying Cao, Nan Wu, Xuyang Zhao, Qingsong Zhu, Lian Su, Fatima Altaf, Qianqian Zhang, Haokun Liu, Yongming Li, Bruno Hamish Unger, Yingyin Cheng, Wanting Zhang, Aihua Li, Yaping Wang, Xiao-Qin Xia
Summary: Based on previous research, sinomenine has been found to protect mucosal immunity in farmed fish species by preventing intestinal pathological changes and regulating gene expression related to inflammation. It also enhances immune homeostasis and controls the growth of pathogenic bacteria.