Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Rafaela A. Santos, Marta Monteiro, Fabio Rangel, Russell Jerusik, Maria J. Saavedra, Antonio Paulo Carvalho, Aires Oliva-Teles, Claudia R. Serra
Summary: This study characterized the QQ potential of 200 Bacillus spp. isolated from the gut of different aquaculture fish species to suppress fish pathogens QS, and identified three Bacillus spp. capable of extracellularly quenching aquaculture pathogen communication, showing promising biocontrol potential against aquaculture bacterial diseases.
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Aparna Anil Singh, Anil Kumar Singh, Anuradha Nerurkar
Summary: Genus Pectobacterium is a major cause of soft rot diseases in fruits and vegetables globally, and there is a need for alternative ecofriendly and economical strategies. Bacillus sp. OA10 extract can effectively inhibit the pathogenicity of PccBR1, potentially by disrupting the QS pathways.
WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Polymer Science
Moupriya Nag, Dibyajit Lahiri, Dipro Mukherjee, Ritwik Banerjee, Sayantani Garai, Tanmay Sarkar, Sujay Ghosh, Ankita Dey, Sougata Ghosh, Smaranika Pattnaik, Hisham Atan Edinur, Zulhisyam Abdul Kari, Siddhartha Pati, Rina Rani Ray
Summary: Chitosan and its nano materials show potential in combating drug resistance by disrupting quorum sensing in microbial biofilms, offering a solution for treating chronic infections and preparing medical devices. Through interaction with amino groups on microorganisms, they disrupt membrane permeability and induce cell death.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Chunxiao Dai, Yuanyuan Qu, Weize Wu, Shuzhen Li, Zhuo Chen, Shengyang Lian, Jiawei Jing
Summary: This study established a QS-related protein database and an automatic annotation pipeline for rapid and accurate annotation and classification of QS-related sequences in aquatic environments. It provides a useful tool for understanding bacterial communication in water environments.
Review
Microbiology
Evgeniya V. Prazdnova, Andrey V. Gorovtsov, Nikita G. Vasilchenko, Maxim P. Kulikov, Varvara N. Statsenko, Anna A. Bogdanova, Alexandr G. Refeld, Yaroslav A. Brislavskiy, Vladimir A. Chistyakov, Michael L. Chikindas
Summary: This review focuses on the mechanisms of quorum-sensing suppression by Gram-positive microorganisms and its practical applications in food fermentation, probiotics, and biotechnology. It also discusses the possible evolutionary role of quorum-quenching mechanisms during the development of interspecies interactions of bacteria.
Review
Microbiology
Rohit Patel, Mansi Soni, Bilv Soyantar, Suruchi Shivangi, Swati Sutariya, Meenu Saraf, Dweipayan Goswami
Summary: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Many infectious diseases are caused by microbes that can communicate through quorum sensing (QS), and interfering with QS can effectively control their pathogenicity. Inhibition of QS has become a promising approach for developing new drugs, and various quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) have been identified. This review provides an overview of the QS mechanism, QS inhibition, and compounds with anti-QS potential, as well as the possibility of quorum sensing resistance.
ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Avishag Yehuda, Einav Malach, Shahar Vanunu Ofri, Leyla Slamti, Shanny Hsuan Kuo, Jonathan Z. Lau, Myung Whan Oh, John Adeoye, Neta Shlezinger, Didier Lereclus, Gee W. Lau, Zvi Hayouka
Summary: This study reports on how interception of quorum sensing communication in Bacillus cereus (Bc) eliminates its ability to affect the host immune system. A peptide-based quorum sensing inhibitor was designed, which attenuated Bc infectivity in mouse models by suppressing virulence factor expression. These findings reveal a novel strategy to limit Bc virulence and enhance host defense.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Shanshan Huang, Xueduan Liu, Weiyi Yang, Liyuan Ma, Huiying Li, Rui Liu, Jingxuan Qiu, Yiran Li
Summary: This study investigated the distribution and role of quorum sensing (QS) and quorum quenching (QQ) in acidophilic bacteria, as well as the conservative and evolutionary analysis of related proteins. The results showed that acidophilic bacteria regulate biofilm formation and energy metabolism through QS and QQ, and inhibit undesirable acidophile species by producing QQ enzymes.
Article
Chemistry, Medicinal
Andrea Muras, Ana Parga, Celia Mayer, Ana Otero
Summary: Interfering with quorum sensing systems of bacteria is a promising strategy to control biofilm formation, and the xCELLigence(R) system is proposed as an efficient method for quantifying biofilm formation.
Review
Microbiology
Xiaojie Zhang, Baobao Liu, Xueyan Ding, Peng Bin, Yang Yang, Guoqiang Zhu
Summary: The QS system plays a central role in the regulation of virulence in Salmonella, and blocking this system may be a new strategy for treating Salmonella infection. Studying the application of QQ technology in Salmonella infection can provide insight into the regulation mechanism of bacterial virulence.
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Alessandro Polizzi, Martina Donzella, Giada Nicolosi, Simona Santonocito, Paolo Pesce, Gaetano Isola
Summary: Chemical molecules are used by microorganisms for communication through quorum sensing. Inhibiting quorum sensing can disrupt oral biofilm formation and reduce the impact of periodontitis. The use of antibiotics and antiseptics carries risks, while quorum sensing inhibitors have potential as a solution for treating periodontitis.
Review
Fisheries
P. Snega Priya, Seenivasan Boopathi, Raghul Murugan, B. Haridevamuthu, Aziz Arshad, Jesu Arockiaraj
Summary: Bacteria produce virulence factors that cause mortality in fish and crustaceans, and these factors require abundant quorum sensing (QS) signals and high cell density. QS signals not only interfere with cellular pathways and induce cell death in mammalian cells, but also impair the immune system, indicating their importance as a major virulence factor. In aquatic organisms, the impact of QS signals is still being explored. However, aquatic organisms produce enzymes that degrade and detoxify these signals, and physical and chemical factors also affect their stability. Understanding the influence of QS signals on aquatic organisms is crucial for controlling disease progression.
REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE
(2023)
Article
Microbiology
Seenivasan Boopathi, Rajesh Vashisth, Ashok Kumar Mohanty, Ai-Qun Jia, Natesan Sivakumar, Jesu Arockiaraj
Summary: Cell-to-cell communication is crucial for bacteria to produce virulence factors and colonize the host. The study reveals that Bacillus subtilis BR4 has potential activity in inhibiting biofilm formation and virulence factor production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, making it a promising therapeutic agent to combat pathogenesis mediated by the quorum sensing system of P. aeruginosa.
JOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Microbiology
Xiangyong Zeng, Yunman Zou, Jia Zheng, Shuyi Qiu, Lanlan Liu, Chaoyang Wei
Summary: This review focuses on the microbial community from the perspective of quorum sensing, which plays important roles in substance cycles, product synthesis, and species evolution. It provides a theoretical basis for controlling the microbial community using quorum sensing approaches and summarizes the latest progress in applications of quorum sensing in wastewater treatment, human health, food fermentation, and synthetic biology. The relationships between quorum sensing and microbial interactions are also explored in depth.
MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Review
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Lan Lu, Mingxing Li, Guojuan Yi, Li Liao, Qiang Cheng, Jie Zhu, Bin Zhang, Yingying Wang, Yong Chen, Ming Zeng
Summary: Interference with quorum sensing is an important strategy for the treatment of bacterial infections and restoring antibiotic tolerance. The discovery of quorum sensing inhibitors has a significant impact on the development of anti-infective drugs. Various approaches exist for the discovery of quorum sensing inhibitors.
JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS
(2022)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Cindy Ka Y. Law, Eduardo Bolea-Fernandez, Tong Liu, Luiza Bonin, Elien Wallaert, Kim Verbeken, Bart De Gusseme, Frank Vanhaecke, Nico Boon
Summary: This study investigates the formation process of biogenic palladium nanoparticles using various techniques. The distribution of palladium over cells is strongly dependent on Pd2+ concentration, biomass, and partial H-2 pressure. Additionally, cell density and H-2 partial pressure significantly affect the size of the nanoparticles.
MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Shanshan Zhang, Jana Van Haesebroeck, Qian Yang, Tom Defoirdt
Summary: This study investigated the use of indole-3-acetic acid to control disease caused by Harveyi clade vibrios. Indole-3-acetic acid significantly decreased the virulence of 10 strains without affecting their growth. It also increased the survival rate of brine shrimp larvae and decreased swimming motility and biofilm formation in the strains.
JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Kristel Mijnendonckx, Tom Rogiers, Francisco J. Gimenez del Rey, Mohamed L. Merroun, Adam Williamson, Md Muntasir Ali, Daniel Charlier, Natalie Leys, Nico Boon, Rob Van Houdt
Summary: Uranium contamination is a widespread issue caused by natural and human activities. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying uranium resistance in bacteria are still not well understood. This study investigated the resistance mechanisms of Cupriavidus metallidurans NA4 to toxic uranium concentrations. Through the increased expression of a specific small periplasmic protein, PrsQ2, the bacteria were able to form periplasmic uranium-phosphate precipitates, thus improving their resistance to uranium.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Fisheries
Shanshan Zhang, Qian Yang, Mieke Eggermont, Tom Defoirdt
Summary: To control bacterial diseases in aquaculture without relying on antibiotics, interference of quorum-sensing systems has been widely studied as an alternative therapy. This review provides an overview of the quorum-sensing systems in vibrios belonging to the Harveyi clade and the Splendidus clade, and discusses different agents that interfere with these systems to protect aquatic animals from diseases caused by these vibrios. It also identifies knowledge gaps and proposes future research directions in this field.
REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Puput Risdanareni, Jianyun Wang, Nico Boon, Nele De Belie
Summary: A bacteria-based self-healing concrete was proposed for autonomous repair of micro-cracks, using vegetative cells of Bacillus sphaericus encapsulated in alkali activated lightweight aggregate (LWA) made from fly ash and Sidoarjo volcanic Mud (Lusi). The study showed that the healing performance of the bacteria decreased significantly when cracks were fabricated at a later age. Additionally, the fly ash-based LWA carrier exhibited excellent autogenous healing in young mortar.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine
N. Zayed, J. Ghesquiere, N. H. N. Kamarudin, K. Bernaerts, N. Boon, A. Braem, W. Van Holm, W. Teughels
Summary: Oral cryotherapy is a safe, simple, and low-cost treatment used in dentistry for oral lesions. However, its effect on oral biofilms was unknown. This study found that cryotherapy significantly reduced the biofilm load and had the potential to control the deterioration of oral biofilms by modifying their structure and composition.
JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Paula Alejandra Lamprea Pineda, Kristof Demeestere, Manuel Toledo, Nico Boon, Herman Van Langenhove, Christophe Walgraeve
Summary: In this study, the removal of N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) was evaluated using a lab-scale biofilter for 472 days under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. The biofilter achieved an average removal efficiency of 99.7% at ambient temperature with an inlet load of 297g DMF/m3 h and an EBRT of 10.7 s. However, a decrease in EBRT and an increase in temperature led to a decrease in removal efficiency. Microbial analysis revealed that the dominant bacteria were Rhizobiaceae and Alcaligenaceae, but their abundance decreased with increasing temperature. Overall, biofiltration showed promise for removing DMF from waste gas streams.
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Kankana Kundu, Josefien Van Landuyt, Valerie Mattelin, Bram Martin, Marijke Neyts, Koen Parmentier, Nico Boon
Summary: This study found that the microbiome in sediment near a World War I munition dumpsite in the Belgian part of the North Sea can degrade 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The degradation of TNT was enhanced by adding methanol and several enriched genera, such as Colwellia, Thalossospira, and Methylophaga, were identified as TNT-utilizing bacteria.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Valerie Mattelin, Lennert Verfaille, Kankana Kundu, Stefaan De Wildeman, Nico Boon
Summary: With the accumulation of plastic waste in both controlled waste management settings and natural settings, there is a need for solutions in the field of biodegradation. However, determining the biodegradability of plastics in natural environments remains challenging due to low biodegradation rates. This study validates a colorimetric test using carbon nanodots to screen the biodegradation of plastics in natural environments. The results indicate that this method is a good alternative, but a combination of different methods provides the most information.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Chupao Lin, David Schaubroeck, Roel Baets, Nico Boon, Nicolas Le Thomas
Summary: We propose a photonic integrated circuit design that adds practicality and new functionalities to optical applications like optical microscopy. This design enables the generation of a far-field structured UV illumination pattern with a fringe period of 370 nm, a fringe visibility of 0.83, and a radiant intensity of 0.49 mW. By using single mode waveguides with low propagation losses, diffraction gratings, a beam splitter, a phase shifter, fluorescent gratings, and a collecting lens, the current PICs experimentally demonstrate the Moiré pattern at the heart of optical resolution enhancement and achieve a doubling of optical resolution in the direction of illumination.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS
(2023)
Review
Fisheries
Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed, Shuva Bhowmik, Fatema Ahmmed, Stephen G. Giteru, Shikder Saiful Islam, Mayssa Hachem, Md. Ashraf Hussain, Osman N. Kanwugu, Dominic Agyei, Tom Defoirdt
Summary: This paper discusses the importance of using probiotics for disease control in the high-yielding prawn variety, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Intensive culture systems can lead to disease outbreaks, and probiotics have emerged as a promising alternative for disease control by enhancing the prawns' immunity and antagonizing pathogenic microorganisms.
JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Kevin Sabbe, Liese D'Haen, Nico Boon, Ramon Ganigu
Summary: As part of the circular bio-economy paradigm shift, waste management has shifted focus towards producing added-value compounds. The use of mixed culture bioprocesses for converting waste to platform chemicals has gained interest, but these processes often lack microbiological diversity and are prone to disturbances. To address this, flow cytometry was used to monitor a lactic acid chain elongation process for caproic acid production, allowing for qualitative and quantitative assessment. Specific community types were identified and correlated to functionality and genotypic diversity, and machine-learning algorithms showed high accuracy in predicting production rates.
Review
Microbiology
Fabian Mermans, Valerie Mattelin, Ruben van den Eeckhoudt, Cristina Garcia-Timermans, Josefien Van Landuyt, Yuting Guo, Irene Taurino, Filip Tavernier, Michael Kraft, Hira Khan, Nico Boon
Summary: New techniques in single-cell research have revolutionized our ability to study microbes at unprecedented scales and depths. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art technologies in single-cell analysis in microbial ecology applications, particularly highlighting optical tools like flow cytometry and Raman spectroscopy, as well as emerging electrical techniques. The objectives of this review include showcasing the diversity of single-cell optical approaches, discussing successful applications, exploring emerging techniques, and promoting the integration of established and novel approaches in research.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Thomas Pluym, Cristina Garcia-Timermans, Sander Vervloet, Riet Cornelissen, Nico Boon, Bart De Gusseme
Summary: The use of advanced membrane processes, such as reverse osmosis (RO), is crucial for producing process water and drinking water that meet microbiological standards. However, bacterial breakthrough and the passage of ultra-small species of bacteria can occur in reverse osmosis systems. Currently, microbiological and breakthrough monitoring is done through plating methods and conductivity monitoring, but this case study demonstrates the added value of using on-line flow cytometry for monitoring membrane integrity and microbial quality.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE-WATER RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Paula Alejandra Lamprea Pineda, Kristof Demeestere, Jose Joaquin Gonzalez-Cortes, Allan A. Alvarado-Alvarado, Nico Boon, Frank Devlieghere, Herman Van Langenhove, Christophe Walgraeve
Summary: This study investigated the removal of difficult-to-degrade VOC mixtures using biofiltration and the impact of operational conditions. The results showed that the type of inoculum and packing material influenced the removal efficiency, and different microbial populations dominated in the biofilters.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Hunter S. Bailey, Ashley N. Fincannon, Lee A. Fuiman
Summary: This study investigated the transfer of fatty acids from broodstock diets to eggs and the time needed for the eggs to equilibrate to the diet in Southern flounder. The findings indicate that different diet treatments significantly affect the fatty acid composition of eggs, and it takes 8-16 weeks for the eggs to adapt to changes in the adult diet. These results are important for improving broodstock diets and feeding protocols in stock-enhancement programs.
Article
Fisheries
Yu Liu, Mingtao Lei, Hector Victor, Yan Wang
Summary: This study confirms the feasibility of replacing raw fish diet with a formulated diet in commercial farming of large yellow croaker, which can increase fish survival and yield, and reduce feed cost and body lipid deposition.
Article
Fisheries
Xiaoyan Zhang, Lize San, Yucong Yang, Yuehong Tao, Jiangong Ren, Yufeng Liu, Zhongwei He, Jiashuo Di, Ziteng Pei, Guixing Wang, Jilun Hou
Summary: Gynogenesis is an effective technique for establishing homogeneous lines and confirming potential chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination in fish. This study successfully induced gynogenetic families in Thamnaconus modestus and established a complete method for gynogenesis induction.
Article
Fisheries
Julieta C. Martinelli, Megan Considine, Helen R. Casendino, Carolyn M. Tarpey, Isadora Jimenez-Hidalgo, Jacqueline L. Padilla-Gamino, Teri L. King, Lorenz Hauser, Steven Rumrill, Chelsea L. Wood
Summary: Shell-boring polychaetes have caused significant damage to mariculture operations worldwide, particularly in the US Pacific region. This study provides a comprehensive dataset on the prevalence, species distribution, and environmental associations of these parasites, highlighting the impact of season, culturing methods, and environmental factors on infestation.
Article
Fisheries
Juan Gao, Xueshan Li, Kangle Lu, Kai Song, Jian Zhang, Ling Wang, Chunxiao Zhang
Summary: This study investigated the effects of dietary protein levels on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity, and metamorphosis rate of bullfrog tadpoles. The optimal dietary protein level for bullfrog tadpoles was estimated to be 42.49%-46.50% of the diet.
Article
Fisheries
Qiang Li, Lijun Duan, Dongsheng Jin, Yuxin Chen, Yirong Lou, Qianjin Zhou, Zhongjie Xu, Fangjie Chen, Hongxian Chen, Guizong Xu, Maocang Yan, Guanjun Yang, Jianfei Lu, Yanjun Zhang, Jiong Chen
Summary: This study developed a centrifugal microfluidic chip with on-chip RPA to detect five pathogenic microorganisms. The chip enabled the parallel analysis of six genetic markers from a single sample and allowed for the highly automated detection of multiple samples. Compared with PCR and DNA sequencing, the on-chip RPA assay showed high sensitivity and specificity for detecting multiple pathogens in shrimp aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Xingchen Huo, Pengxu Wang, Fengxia Zhao, Qian Liu, Qingqing Tian, Lingjie Tang, Maolin Lv, Zhaohui Wei, Chunrong Yang, Jianguo Su
Summary: Bacterial diseases in aquaculture ponds have negative effects on sustainable development. The use of composite I20 biotherapy has been shown to effectively treat bacterial diseases in bullfrog ponds, providing a new strategy for controlling bacterial diseases in aquaculture.
Article
Fisheries
Peng Yin, Takaya Saito, Per Gunnar Fjelldal, Bjorn Tharandur Bjornsson, Sofie Charlotte Remo, Sandeep Sharma, Rolf Erik Olsen, Kristin Hamre
Summary: This study aims to investigate the effect of seasonal changes in temperature and photoperiod on the redox metabolism of Atlantic salmon at the molecular level. The research findings suggest that the changing photoperiod and temperature influenced the redox metabolism of Atlantic salmon, highlighting the importance of oxidative status in the ecological implications.
Article
Fisheries
Nicholas Oppong Mensah, Jeffery Kofi Asare, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku Mensah, Ernest Christlieb Amrago, Frank Osei Tutu, Anthony Donkor
Summary: This study investigates aquaculture farmers' preference for climate-smart aquaculture insurance products, the challenges they face, and their preferred insurance coverage. The results show that farmers prefer Climate-Induced Aquaculture Stock Mortality Insurance and the most significant constraint is the delay in claim settlement.
Article
Fisheries
Qiu-Ping Chai, Pei Wu, Wei-Dan Jiang, Yang Liu, Hong-Mei Ren, Xiao-Wan Jin, Lin Feng, Xiao-Qiu Zhou
Summary: The study found that appropriate levels of potassium diformate (KDF) can enhance the immune defense and mediate the inflammatory process in fish, possibly through the regulation of T cell differentiation via JAK-STAT and NF-kappa B signaling pathways.
Article
Fisheries
Tian Zhu, Haomin Jia, Haopeng Zhang, Yujing Xiao, Cui Han, Jiaxin Yang
Summary: Chicken manure has significant effects on the cultivation of Chlorella and rotifers. The optimal amount of chicken manure extract for continuous cultivation is 10 mLL-1. Chicken manure can promote the growth of Chlorella and improve the fatty acid composition, indirectly enhancing the growth condition and fatty acid content of rotifers.
Article
Fisheries
Zheng Luo, Yang Yu, Zhenning Bao, Fuhua Li
Summary: This study analyzed the heritability and genetic correlation of two growth traits in Pacific white shrimp and evaluated the genomic prediction using different genomic selection models. The results showed that the NeuralNet model had the highest prediction accuracy and better prospects for predicting shrimp growth traits.
Article
Fisheries
Alberto Ruiz, Ignasi Sanahuja, Karl B. Andree, Dolors Furones, Paul G. Holhorea, Josep A. Calduch-Giner, Jose J. Pastor, Marc Vinas, Jaume Perez-Sanchez, Sofia Morais, Enric Gisbert
Summary: Supplementing diets with a combination of spice oleoresins can reduce lipid accumulation and inflammation in farmed fish. The combination of spice oleoresins also has an immunomodulatory effect on the fish's intestinal immune system, potentially offering anti-inflammatory benefits.
Article
Fisheries
Beibei Zhao, Renhui Mei, Le Li, Di Hu, Lei Li
Summary: This study reveals that JfCXCL8_L1a and JfCXCL8_L1b have different immune pathways, and JfCXCL8_L1b plays a significant role in enhancing the adaptive immunity of T cell-dependent antigen.
Article
Fisheries
Yuhang Liu, Danying Cao, Nan Wu, Xuyang Zhao, Qingsong Zhu, Lian Su, Fatima Altaf, Qianqian Zhang, Haokun Liu, Yongming Li, Bruno Hamish Unger, Yingyin Cheng, Wanting Zhang, Aihua Li, Yaping Wang, Xiao-Qin Xia
Summary: Based on previous research, sinomenine has been found to protect mucosal immunity in farmed fish species by preventing intestinal pathological changes and regulating gene expression related to inflammation. It also enhances immune homeostasis and controls the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
