Article
Engineering, Environmental
Amin Delparish, Anouk W. N. de Leeuw den Bouter, Aysima Yercan, John van der Schaaf, Maria Fernanda Neira d'Angelo
Summary: The study presents a method to convert furfural into alkyl furoate using a catalytic microchannel reactor, overcoming the challenge posed by explosive mixtures. Experimental and computational investigations provide insights into the kinetics and gold-assisted oxidative esterification mechanism, contributing to rational catalyst design and process development.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yi-Min Huang, Guang-Hui Lu, Min-Hua Zong, Wen-Jing Cui, Ning Li
Summary: The study successfully demonstrated the efficient transformation of furfural into various C4 chemicals by combining biocatalysis with multiple chemical catalysis. The results showed that the combination of bio- and chemocatalysis can significantly enhance the efficiency and yield of furfural utilization.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Bingbing Qiu, Jicheng Shi, Wei Hu, Jian Gao, Sitong Li, Huaqiang Chu
Summary: This review summarizes the latest progress in furfural production through biomass hydrolysis, focusing on the influencing factors of furfural yield. Additionally, the review discusses new catalysts and solvent systems, and explores the synergistic effect of different catalysts and solvent systems on furfural production. The reaction mechanism for the production of furfural from biomass is also described. However, further analysis of its economy and exploration of catalytic and solvent systems suitable for industrial production are needed. This review is of certain reference significance for the industrial production of furfural.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Sayan Kar, Quan-Quan Zhou, Yehoshoa Ben-David, David Milstein
Summary: Furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) can be oxidized to furoic acid and furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) in water, generating H2 as a byproduct. However, current methods for this process are difficult to control and scale up. A new ruthenium pincer catalyst has been developed for direct oxidation of furfural/HMF to furoic acid/FDCA, with pure H2 produced as a byproduct.
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Lauriane Bruna, Miquel Cardona-Farreny, Vincent Colliere, Karine Philippot, M. Rosa Axet
Summary: Exploiting biomass to synthesise compounds that can replace fossil-based ones is highly important for reducing dependence on non-renewable resources. 1,2-pentanediol and 1,5-pentanediol can be produced through a metal catalysed hydrogenation/C-O cleavage procedure from furfural, furfuryl alcohol or tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. Colloidal ruthenium nanoparticles stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone, in situ modified with different organic compounds, can directly produce 1,2-pentanediol from furfural with a selectivity of 36% at 125 degrees C under 20 bar of H-2 pressure.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Yun Liu, Xiaopan Jiao, Fuli Zhang, Daojian Cheng, Wensheng Qin
Summary: An atom-level-isolated, cobalt-catalyst-supported N-doped carbon (Co SAs-N@C) was synthesized and found to exhibit high effective oxidative esterification activity. The catalyst showed excellent stability and recyclability, making it a promising candidate for the selective oxidation of furfural.
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Priya Lokhande, Paresh L. Dhepe
Summary: This study reports a catalytic aqueous phase oxidation method for the synthesis of 2-furoic acid from furfural, using molecular oxygen as the oxidizing agent. By optimizing the catalyst and reaction conditions, a high yield of 2-furoic acid was achieved. The study also suggests that controlling reaction temperature, pressure, and reaction time, as well as maintaining the appropriate alkaline conditions, can further improve the yield.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Yiwei Tang, Xiaoning Liu, Ran Xi, Le Liu, Xinhua Qi
Summary: In this study, bifunctional ordered mesoporous carbons (Nb/Ni@OMCs) were synthesized and applied in the one-pot catalytic transformation of furfural to ethyl levulinate. Two possible reaction pathways were proposed based on different intermediates.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Juan J. Musci, Maia Montana, Andrea B. Merlo, Elena Rodriguez-Aguado, Juan A. Cecilia, Enrique Rodriguez-Castellon, Ileana D. Lick, Monica L. Casella
Summary: This paper investigates the performance of a series of catalysts supported on different materials in the furfural hydrogenation reaction, and finds that the catalytic activity depends on both the metal particle size and dispersion, as well as the characteristics of the support.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Bharath Velaga, Nageswara Rao Peela
Summary: A novel, rapid, and green route for levulinic acid (LA) production from bio-derived furfural was developed using a microwave reactor. The process involved hydroxymethylation followed by rehydration and achieved high yields of LA under specific temperature conditions. Microwave heating significantly improved the conversion rate and yield compared to conventional heating. Techno-economic analysis showed that this process could produce LA at a lower cost.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Nadim Ayoub, Joumana Toufaily, Erwann Guenin, Gerald Enderlin
Summary: Maleic acid is a crucial intermediate in the chemical industry, and using catalyst-free high frequency ultrasound irradiations to synthesize it from furfural allows for an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient production process.
Article
Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear
Haihong Xia, Jing Li, Changzhou Chen, Dichao Wu, Jurong Ren, Jianchun Jiang, Minghao Zhou
Summary: In this study, spherical NiMo bimetal catalysts were prepared using a simple wet impregnation method and studied for selective hydrogenation of furfural. The Ni/C-Mo-BTC catalyst showed the highest selectivity of CPL (up to 90%), while the optimal Ni/C-Mo0.4 catalyst could be efficiently applied in five consecutive recycling tests. Water played a key role in the formation of different desired products in the FFA hydrogenation process.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Yue Zheng, Di Xu, Lei Zhang, Xi Chen
Summary: In this study, glucosaminic acid (GlcNA) was efficiently produced from chitin biomass-derived glucosamine (GlcN) using zinc oxide-supported gold nanoparticles (Au/ZnO) as catalyst. The Au/ZnO catalyst prepared by the deposition-precipitation (DP) method exhibited superior catalytic performance compared with the deposition-reduction (DR) method, resulting in a >2-fold increase in product yield. The average particle size of Au nanoparticles and the surface oxygen vacancy sites were found to be crucial factors affecting the catalytic activity.
CHEMISTRY-AN ASIAN JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Jie Li, Huayin Li, Zongyang Liu, Mohcin Akri, Yuan Tan, Leilei Kang, Jun Chi, Botao Qiao, Yunjie Ding
Summary: By modulating the phase structure of the catalyst support, a synergic effect between gold and vanadate substituted hydroxyapatite (HVP) was discovered for the synthesis of methyl methacrylate (MMA). The Au/HVP catalyst showed the best performance and unprecedented stability among all evaluated catalyst/support systems.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Daniele Polidoro, Alvise Perosa, Maurizio Selva
Summary: In this study, three different multiphase systems were investigated for the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF). The conditions for each system allowed for excellent control of the reaction selectivity and high yields of the desired products. The catalyst was efficiently segregated and recycled under all tested conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Elnaz Bahadori, Gianguido Ramis, Danny Zanardo, Federica Menegazzo, Michela Signoretto, Delia Gazzoli, Daniela Pietrogiacomi, Alessandro Di Michele, Ilenia Rossetti
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Cristina Pizzolitto, Federica Menegazzo, Elena Ghedini, Giada Innocenti, Alessandro Di Michele, Maurizio Mattarelli, Giuseppe Cruciani, Fabrizio Cavani, Michela Signoretto
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2020)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Giuseppe Bagnato, Michela Signoretto, Cristina Pizzolitto, Federica Menegazzo, Xiaoying Xi, Gert H. ten Brink, Bart J. Kooi, Hero Jan Heeres, Aimaro Sanna
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2020)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Cristina Pizzolitto, Federica Menegazzo, Elena Ghedini, Arturo Martinez Arias, Vicente Cortes Corberan, Michela Signoretto
Summary: The research focuses on investigating the effect of different ceria support preparation methods on Ni active phase stabilization for ethanol steam reforming to produce hydrogen. Catalysts prepared by precipitation method showed higher reducibility and more homogeneous Ni particle size distribution, leading to lower coke deposition rate and making them more stable catalysts for the reaction.
Article
Archaeology
D. Zanardo, E. Ghedini, F. Menegazzo, A. Giordana, G. Cerrato, A. Di Michele, G. Cruciani, M. Signoretto
Summary: This study explores the use of photocatalysts to address surface contamination issues on Venetian marmorino walls, evaluating the effects of TiO2 and ZnO additives on the material properties, and correlating the morphological, surface, and opto-electronic properties of the modified marmorino to its self-bleaching activity.
JOURNAL OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
(2021)
Review
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Elena Ghedini, Somayeh Taghavi, Federica Menegazzo, Michela Signoretto
Summary: The depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution have led to a growing trend in using alternative, clean, green, and sustainable fuel sources. Biodiesel production from biomass, specifically algal oil, has gained attention due to its lower toxicity and renewability. Different catalytic systems, including homogeneous, heterogeneous, and biocatalysts, have been introduced to address various challenges in the production process.
Editorial Material
Engineering, Chemical
Michela Signoretto, Federica Menegazzo
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Cristina Pizzolitto, Elena Ghedini, Somayeh Taghavi, Federica Menegazzo, Giuseppe Cruciani, Markus Peurla, Kari Eranen, Ivo Heinmaa, Atte Aho, Narendra Kumar, Dmitry Yu Murzin, Tapio Salmi, Michela Signoretto
Summary: The study focuses on improving the acidity of silica alumina composite using SBA-15, with modifications to enhance Lewis and Bronsted acidities, and introduction of alumina as a co-catalyst. The balanced acidities and proper porosity of the modified SBA-15 led to efficient performance in converting glucose to levulinic acid.
MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Giorgio Grillo, Silvia Tabasso, Roberto Solarino, Giancarlo Cravotto, Clarissa Toson, Elena Ghedini, Federica Menegazzo, Michela Signoretto
Summary: The use of microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction from algae, especially brown, green, and red algae, shows potential in developing cosmetics with high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Green algae, particularly Ulva lactuca, stand out as a suitable source of antioxidants for cosmetic formulations. The gel and emulsion formulations made from these extracts are stable and show efficient controlled release of active ingredients.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Giulia Forghieri, Danny Zanardo, Elena Ghedini, Federica Menegazzo, Alessia Giordana, Giuseppina Cerrato, Alessandro Di Michele, Giuseppe Cruciani, Michela Signoretto
Summary: The study aimed to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of earth-abundant wide-bandgap semiconductors by coupling ZnO and TiO2 with low contents of the rare-earth Ce species, with the Zn-based samples showing suitability for the photo-oxidation of organic pollutants.
Article
Instruments & Instrumentation
Alessia Artesani, Raffaella Lamuraglia, Federica Menegazzo, Stefano Bonetti, Arianna Traviglia
Summary: This work explores the application of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) in reflecting configuration on inorganic and mineral pigments. It overcomes the limitations of weak signal intensity, multiple signal losses and distortion, as well as the current scarcity of databases. The experimental procedure and method used to determine the material absorption coefficient of a group of pigments are described in detail, and the vibrational modes of molecular oxides and sulfides are classified for material identification. The results show that this approach is reliable and can be extended to the study of other materials beyond the heritage domain.
APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Somayeh Taghavi, Paivi Maki-Arvela, Zuzana Vajglova, Markus Peurla, Ilari Angervo, Kari Eranen, Elena Ghedini, Federica Menegazzo, Mojgan Zendehdel, Michela Signoretto, Dmitry Yu Murzin
Summary: Citronellal was converted to menthol using a Ni catalyst supported on H-Beta zeolite. The acidity and Ni loading of the catalyst significantly influenced the catalytic performance. The best results were obtained with a Ni loading of 15 wt.% on H-Beta-25, giving a yield of 36% menthols and 77% stereoselectivity. The catalyst could be successfully regenerated and reused with similar activity and selectivity.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Raffaella Lamuraglia, Andrea Campostrini, Elena Ghedini, Alessandra De Lorenzi Pezzolo, Alessandro Di Michele, Giulia Franceschin, Federica Menegazzo, Michela Signoretto, Arianna Traviglia
Summary: This work presents the formulation and characterization of a new green coating for the protection of outdoor frescoes. The coating, made of chitosan-based medium with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), is prepared through a zero-waste one-pot-synthetic method. The rheology of the coating is optimized by the addition of a solvent mixture. The results show that the chitosan-AgNPs coating is promising for the protection of outdoor frescoes and can contribute to the development of new conservation strategies for wall painting.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Danny Zanardo, Giulia Forghieri, Elena Ghedini, Federica Menegazzo, Alessia Giordana, Giuseppina Cerrato, Elti Cattaruzza, Alessandro Di Michele, Giuseppe Cruciani, Michela Signoretto
Summary: In this study, the effect of annealing temperature and the addition of titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the surface and opto-electronic properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) materials prepared through a wet-chemistry method were investigated. The application of ZnO as a photocatalyst in CO2 photoreduction was explored, and the influence of the above-mentioned properties on the photocatalytic activity and selectivity was analyzed. The capability of ZnO to act as both photocatalyst and CO2 adsorber was also assessed, providing a potential carbon source from diluted CO2 sources.
Article
Humanities, Multidisciplinary
Alessia Artesani, Francesco Abate, Raffaella Lamuraglia, Maria Antonietta Baldo, Federica Menegazzo, Arianna Traviglia
Summary: This study proposes a practical solution to overcome the limitations of THz-TD imaging in the reflection configuration applied to works of art, allowing for the retrieval of surface thicknesses, material distribution, and pigment spectroscopic signals. By addressing the issue of surface distortion, the absorption coefficient for each point on the surface is accurately determined, and spectroscopic signatures are retrieved. The study highlights the potential of THz-TD imaging in investigating painted works of art, offering new possibilities for routine analysis in the field of cultural heritage preservation.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Bolun Yu, Denan Li, Qianqian Zhu, Shufan Yao, Lifeng Zhang, Yanshuo Li, Zhenxin Zhang
Summary: This study successfully improved the catalytic activity of a zeolitic octahedral metal oxide by incorporating a single zinc species into its micropore. The zinc incorporation achieved a high ethane conversion rate and ethylene selectivity. Mechanism study showed that the isolated zinc site played a crucial role in activating oxygen and ethane, as well as stabilizing intermediates and transition states.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ruoqi Liu, Hao Fei, Jian Wang, Ting Guo, Fangyang Liu, Zhuangzhi Wu, Dezhi Wang
Summary: This work successfully synthesized a high-performing S-enriched MoS2 catalyst for electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), demonstrating high activity and selectivity. The synergistic effect of the 1T phase and bridging S22- species was shown to play a positive role in NRR performances, and DFT calculations revealed the mechanism behind the improved performance.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Pan Xia, Lele Zhao, Xi Chen, Zhihong Ye, Zhihong Zheng, Qiang He, Ignasi Sires
Summary: This study presents a modified gas-diffusion electrode (GDE) for highly efficient and stable H2O2 electrosynthesis by using trace polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS). DFT calculations provide an in-depth understanding of the roles of PMHS functional groups.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Kwangchol Ri, Songsik Pak, Dunyu Sun, Qiang Zhong, Shaogui Yang, Songil Sin, Leliang Wu, Yue Sun, Hui Cao, Chunxiao Han, Chenmin Xu, Yazi Liu, Huan He, Shiyin Li, Cheng Sun
Summary: Different B-doped rGO catalysts were synthesized and their 2e- oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance was investigated. It was found that the 2e- ORR selectivity of B-doped rGO was influenced by the B content and oxygen mass transfer conditions. The synthesized catalyst exhibited high 2e- ORR selectivity and was capable of degrading organic pollutants continuously.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Li Lv, Lin Lei, Qi-Wen Chen, Cheng-Li Yin, Huiqing Fan, Jian-Ping Zhou
Summary: Monoclinic phase La2Ti2O7 and orthorhombic phase Bi4Ti3O12 are widely used in photocatalysis due to their layered crystal structure. The electronic structures of these phases play a crucial role in their photocatalytic activity. Heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere introduces more oxygen vacancies into the S-scheme heterojunction, leading to enhanced NO removal efficiency.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Choe Earn Choong, Minhee Kim, Jun Sup Lim, Young June Hong, Geon Joon Lee, Keun Hwa Chae, In Wook Nah, Yeomin Yoon, Eun Ha Choi, Min Jang
Summary: In this study, the synergistic effect between argon-plasma-system (AP) and catalysts in promoting the production of reactive species for water remediation was investigated. By altering the oxygen vacancies concentration of CeO2/Bi2O3 catalyst, the production of hydrated electrons was stimulated for PFOA removal. The results showed that the built-in electric field in the Bi/Ce0.43 interface enhanced electron migration and eaq- generation, leading to improved PFOA removal efficiency.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yushan Wu, Di Xu, Yanfei Xu, Xin Tian, Mingyue Ding
Summary: Efficient synthesis of primary amines from carbonyl compounds was achieved via reductive amination using Ru@NC-Al2O3 as a catalyst, exhibiting high activity and selectivity under mild conditions.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yilan Jiang, Peifang Wang, Tingyue Chen, Keyi Gao, Yiran Xiong, Yin Lu, Dionysios D. Dionysiou, Dawei Wang
Summary: By controlling the content of Co and Ni in Co1-xNixFe2O4, the production of O-1(2) from H2O2 can be regulated. NiFe2O4, with the lowest lattice distortion degree, can efficiently produce O-1(2) as the dominant reactive oxygen species. The system also exhibits significant resistance to water matrix interference.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shuai Feng, Donglian Li, Hao Dong, Song Xie, Yaping Miao, Xuming Zhang, Biao Gao, Paul K. Chu, Xiang Peng
Summary: In this study, MoO2/Mo2N heterostructures were prepared by regulating the coordination of Mo atoms. The electrocatalyst exhibits high current density and excellent stability for hydrogen evolution reaction.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Jia-Cheng E. Yang, Min -Ping Zhu, Daqin Guan, Baoling Yuan, Darren Delai Sun, Chenghua Sun, Ming-Lai Fu
Summary: This study successfully modulated the electron configuration and spin state of millimetric metal catalysts by adjusting the support curvature radius. The electronic structure-oriented spin catalysis was found to affect the degradation of pollutants, providing new insights for the design and production of highly active, reusable, and stable catalysts.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tao Zhong, Su Tang, Wenbin Huang, Wei Liu, Huinan Zhao, Lingling Hu, Shuanghong Tian, Chun He
Summary: In this study, a highly efficient photocatalyst for the elimination of CH3SH was developed by engineering different crystal facets and coupling them with PHI. Cu (111)/PHI exhibited the highest elimination efficiency and showed good stability and reusability. The enhanced surface electron pump effect and effective adsorption mechanisms were revealed through comprehensive characterizations and DFT calculations.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Feifei Yang, Tianyu Zhang, Jiankang Zhao, Wei Zhou, Nicole J. Libretto, Jeffrey T. Miller
Summary: A Ni3Sn intermetallic nano particle was found to have geometrically isolated Ni sites that could selectively cleave C-O bonds in biomass derivatives. This nano particle showed high activity and selectivity towards 2-methylfuran, unlike Ni nanoparticles that produced other unwanted products derived from the aromatic rings.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Lulu Qiao, Di Liu, Anquan Zhu, Jinxian Feng, Pengfei Zhou, Chunfa Liu, Kar Wei Ng, Hui Pan
Summary: This study reveals that surface evolution plays a crucial role in enhancing the electrocatalytic performance of transition metal oxides for electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (e-NO3RR). Incorporating nickel into Co3O4 can promote surface reconstruction and improve the adsorption of intermediates and reduce energy barriers, leading to enhanced catalytic performance. The reconstructed cobalt-nickel hydroxides (CoyNi1_y(OH)2) on the catalyst's surface serve as the active phase.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Xinyu Song, Yang Shi, Zelin Wu, Bingkun Huang, Xinhao Wang, Heng Zhang, Peng Zhou, Wen Liu, Zhicheng Pan, Zhaokun Xiong, Bo Lai
Summary: This study explores the discriminative activities and mechanisms for activation of O-O bond in peroxy compounds via single-atom catalysts (SACs) with higher coordination numbers (M-N5). The atomic catalyst (Fe-SAC) with Fe-N5 as the active center was constructed, effectively activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS), peroxydisulfate (PDS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The study demonstrates the degradation efficiencies of acyclovir are related to the O-O bond length in different peroxy compounds, and reveals the discriminative mechanisms for activation of O-O bond in different Fenton-like systems.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2024)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yangzhuo He, Hong Qin, Ziwei Wang, Han Wang, Yuan Zhu, Chengyun Zhou, Ying Zeng, Yicheng Li, Piao Xu, Guangming Zeng
Summary: A dual-metal-organic framework (MOF) assisted strategy was proposed to construct a magnetic Fe-Mn oxycarbide anchored on N-doped carbon for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The FeMn@NC-800 catalyst exhibited superior activity with almost 100% degradation of sulfamethazine (SMZ) in 30 minutes. The study provided insights for the rational design of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts and proposed a novel nonradical-based catalytic oxidation for environmental cleaning.
APPLIED CATALYSIS B-ENVIRONMENTAL
(2024)
