Flavobacterium johnsoniae as a Model Organism for Characterizing Biopolymer Utilization in Oligotrophic Freshwater Environments

Biopolymers are important substrates for heterotrophic bacteria in oligotrophic freshwater environments, but information on bacterial growth kinetics with biopolymers is scarce. The objective of this study was to characterize bacterial biopolymer utilization in these environments by assessing the growth kinetics of Flavobacterium johnsoniae strain A3, which is specialized in utilizing biopolymers at mu g liter(-1) levels. Growth of strain A3 with amylopectin, xyloglucan, gelatin, maltose, or fructose at 0 to 200 mu g C liter(-1) in tap water followed Monod or Teissier kinetics, whereas growth with laminarin followed Teissier kinetics. Classification of the specific affinity of strain A3 for the tested substrates resulted in the following affinity order: laminarin (7.9 x 10(-2) liter . mu g(-1) of C . h(-1)) >> maltose > amylopectin approximate to gelatin approximate to xyloglucan > fructose (0.69 x 10(-2) liter . mu g(-1) of C . h(-1)). No specific affinity could be determined for proline, but it appeared to be high. Extracellular degradation controlled growth with amylopectin, xyloglucan, or gelatin but not with laminarin, which could explain the higher affinity for laminarin. The main degradation products were oligosaccharides or oligopeptides, because only some individual monosaccharides and amino acids promoted growth. A higher yield and a lower ATP cell(-1) level was achieved at <= 10 mu g C liter(-1) than at > 10 mu g C liter(-1) with every substrate except gelatin. The high specific affinities of strain A3 for different biopolymers confirm that some representatives of the classes Cytophagia-Flavobacteria are highly adapted to growth with these compounds at mu g liter(-1) levels and support the hypothesis that Cytophagia-Flavobacteria play an important role in biopolymer degradation in (ultra) oligotrophic freshwater environments.