Identification of 50 Class D β-Lactamases and 65 Acinetobacter-Derived Cephalosporinases in Acinetobacter spp.

Whole-genome sequencing of a collection of 103 Acinetobacter strains belonging to 22 validly named species and another 16 putative species allowed detection of genes for 50 new class D beta-lactamases and 65 new Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinases (ADC). All oxacillinases (OXA) contained the three typical motifs of class D beta-lactamases, STFK, (F/Y) GN, and K(S/T) G. The phylogenetic tree drawn from the OXA sequences led to an increase in the number of OXA groups from 7 to 18. The topologies of the OXA and RpoB phylogenetic trees were similar, supporting the ancient acquisition of bla(OXA) genes by Acinetobacter species. The class D beta-lactamase genes appeared to be intrinsic to several species, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter pittii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Acinetobacter lwoffii. Neither bla(OXA-40/143)-nor bla(OXA-58)-like genes were detected, and their origin remains therefore unknown. The phylogenetic tree analysis based on the alignment of the sequences deduced from bla(ADC) revealed five main clusters, one containing ADC belonging to species closely related to A. baumannii and the others composed of cephalosporinases from the remaining species. No indication of bla(OXA) or bla(ADC) transfer was observed between distantly related species, except for bla(OXA-279), possibly transferred from Acinetobacter genomic species 6 to Acinetobacter parvus. Analysis of beta-lactam susceptibility of seven strains harboring new oxacillinases and cloning of the corresponding genes in Escherichia coli and in a susceptible A. baumannii strain indicated very weak hydrolysis of carbapenems. Overall, this study reveals a large pool of beta-lactamases in different Acinetobacter spp., potentially transferable to pathogenic strains of the genus.