Article
Thermodynamics
Guang Yang, Bing-Yang Cao
Summary: This article introduces a new method for accurately measuring the isotropic or anisotropic thermal conductivity of solid materials using three sensor groups and the Intersection Method. By eliminating errors introduced by the uncertainties of thermal resistance, this method provides a comprehensive and versatile solution.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Salman Memon, Baek-Gyu Im, Ho-Saeng Lee, Young-Deuk Kim
Summary: This paper presents experimental and theoretical studies on material-gap membrane distillation (MGMD) and water-gap membrane distillation (WGMD) to investigate the impact of different materials on permeation flux. The results show that the graphite-filled MGMD has a higher permeation flux than WGMD, while MGMD filled with silica gel and zeolite has a lower permeation flux. The permeation flux of MGMD is also influenced by the material packing density and thermal conductivity. Additionally, the MGMD permeation flux and overall thermal resistance are primarily controlled by the thermal conductivity of the material gap.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Lin Qiu, Yuhao Ma, Yuxin Ouyang, Yanhui Feng, Xinxin Zhang
Summary: A new freestanding sensor-based 3 omega technique has been developed, expanding the traditional 3 omega technology to anisotropic materials. The flexible sensor, fabricated using mature flexible printed circuit production techniques, is non-destructive and suitable for porous surfaces. This new sensor has considerable application value for characterizing thermal properties of crystals with anisotropic thermophysical properties and other structures where traditional 3 omega technique is not applicable.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Qi Wang, Chen Wang, Cheng Chi, Niuchang Ouyang, Ruiqiang Guo, Nuo Yang, Yue Chen
Summary: In this study, the phonon transport in perovskite SrTiO3 with thicknesses ranging from the monolayer limit to 10 nm was investigated using a first-principles machine-learning potential combined with the Boltzmann transport equation and molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that the phonon dispersion relation of monolayer SrTiO3 is insensitive to temperature, and its thermal conductivity is higher than that of bulk SrTiO3 due to the unique atomic vibrations. The thermal conductivity of SrTiO3 thin film decreases initially and then approaches the bulk value with increasing thickness, which can be explained by the hardening of the out-of-plane acoustic phonon branch and the transition of low-frequency optical phonons.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Shixue Wang, Jing Wang, Yu Zhu
Summary: The thermal conductivity and thermal contact resistance of GDL and MPL greatly impact the performance of PEMFCs. Previous studies have reported conflicting results on the influence of PTFE on GDL conductivity and the magnitude of contact resistance between GDL and MPL. Using the two-thickness method, the thermal conductivity and contact resistance of a Toray GDL with a MPL coating were measured. Results showed that increasing the loading pressure resulted in the increased conductivity of GDL while the MPL coating remained unchanged. Treatment with 20 wt% PTFE reduced the GDL conductivity by 25%. The contact resistance between GDL and MPL was not a major factor in PEMFC design.
JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Seyed Abdollatif Hashemifard, Aniseh Abdoli, Arash Khosravi, Takeshi Matsuura, Mohsen Abbasi
Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the thermal conductivity of porous nanocomposite membranes and their performance in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The most reliable models for thermal conductivity were the Hashemifard-Matsuura-Fauzi (HMF) model for three-phase systems and the Maxwell model for two-phase systems. The thermal conductivity of the porous nanocomposite membrane was determined by combining the HMF and Maxwell models. The study also found that the type of nanoparticle and interface thickness are important parameters for controlling membrane thermal conductivity and improving DCMD performance.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH & DESIGN
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Peter M. Hylle, Jeppe T. Falden, Jeppe L. Rauff, Philip Rasmussen, Mads Moltzen-Juul, Maja L. Trudslev, Cejna Anna Quist-Jensen, Aamer Ali
Summary: This study investigated 189 combinations of Nu, ?m, and t to assess their capability to predict the experimental flux and outlet temperatures in hollow fiber MD modules. It was found that 31 combinations could predict the flux with reasonable accuracy, but only 13 combinations predicted the permeate outlet temperatures accurately. The study also identified the best-performing combinations to simultaneously predict flux, feed, and permeate outlet temperatures.
Article
Polymer Science
Xiaoman Xiong, Mohanapriya Venkataraman, Tao Yang, Jiri Militky, Jakub Wiener
Summary: This paper presents the preparation of microporous materials made of aerogel and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) using the needleless electrospray technique. By adjusting the content of aerogel powders, the structural characteristics and various properties of the materials can be modified. The electrosprayed materials showed increased surface roughness and improved hydrophobicity, indicating excellent thermal insulation performance.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
M. S. Ismail, A. M. Mohamed, D. Poggio, M. Pourkashanian
Summary: A rigorous and high-fidelity two-dimensional numerical model for a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) module has been developed to investigate the sensitivity of key performance indicators to operational conditions and membrane characteristics. It was shown that more appropriate models are required to accurately estimate certain parameters, leading to the proposal of a new model.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Ziwen Yuan, Yanxi Yu, Xiao Sui, Yuanyuan Yao, Yuan Chen
Summary: Carbon composite membranes show great potential for addressing the challenges in thermal-driven membrane processes, such as MD and PV. Recent research has focused on developing these membranes and enhancing their performance and stability, creating antifouling properties, and resolving the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. Further studies have also explored new MD processes enabled by carbon materials, highlighting the promising future research directions in this field.
Article
Agronomy
Giora J. Kidron, Rafael Kronenfeld, Bo Xiao
Summary: The study found that, except for the metal ML-I which had similar temperatures and dew and fog to COT, all other MLs exhibited lower nighttime temperatures and higher amounts of dew and fog than COT. These findings suggest that the structure of the MLs altered the thermal regime, impacting dew and fog amounts.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yubin Wang, Xiao Liu, Jing Ge, Jun Li, Yang Jin
Summary: A minichannel membrane distillation device (MMDD) was developed to enhance the permeation flux and reduce the polarization effect. By reducing the gap size, increasing the feed temperature and flow rate, and employing countercurrent flow, the MMDD achieved a 160% increase in permeation flux and a 35% increase in temperature polarization coefficient compared to conventional membrane distillation devices.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Ismael Sanchez-Calderon, Beatriz Merillas, Victoria Bernardo, Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Perez
Summary: Developing advanced, highly insulating materials for reducing heat losses in buildings is crucial. A new methodology for measuring the thermal conductivity of small prototypes of thermal insulating materials has been developed and validated in this study. The results demonstrate the accuracy of the self-developed method in determining the thermal conductivity of samples with small dimensions using a steady-state condition.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
John A. Bush, Johan Vanneste, David Leavitt, John Bergida, Mark Krzmarzick, Seok-Jhin Kim, Channary Ny, Tzahi Y. Cath
Summary: A novel refrigeration cycle utilizing crystallized ammonium nitrate as a thermochemical energy storage material is proposed, recharged with membrane distillation. This cycle does not rely on refrigerants with high global warming potential and has the potential to utilize low-grade heat as the primary energy input.
JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Thermodynamics
Ravindra G. Bhardwaj, Neeraj Khare
Summary: This article provides an elaborate review on the state-of-art 3-omega characterization technique and methodology, device morphology, advantages, and mathematical model for various device configurations along with its advancement for accurate thermal management in microelectronics, nanoelectronics and nanofluidics industry. Detailed description on effectiveness and limitations of various 3-omega device design is understood, and critical comments are presented. Importantly, this review will aid new graduate students and researchers in the field of thermal conductivity measurement.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wenlong Bao, Zhaoliang Wang, Jie Zhu
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2020)
Article
Thermodynamics
Lin Qiu, Ning Zhu, Yanhui Feng, Xinxin Zhang, Xiaotian Wang
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2020)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wencan Chen, Yanhui Feng, Lin Qiu, Xinxin Zhang
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2020)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Lin Qiu, Dawei Sang, Yanhui Feng, Xinxin Zhang
Article
Thermodynamics
Lin Qiu, Yanbo Du, Yangyang Bai, Yanhui Feng, Xinxin Zhang, Jin Wu, Xiaotian Wang, Caihong Xu
Summary: This study synthesized mesoporous and macroporous SiOC ceramics using polydimethylsiloxane with different viscosities, and found that the thermal conductivities of gas phase and solid phase inside the porous structure increase with increasing pore size at the nanometer scale, while the overall thermal conductivity of the porous structure decreases. The findings suggest strategies for designing SiOC porous ceramic super-insulation materials with extremely low thermal conductivity.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Lin Qiu, Yuxin Ouyang, Yanhui Feng, Xinxin Zhang, Xiaotian Wang, Jin Wu
Summary: The study found that the thermal conductivity of nanofilms decreases as the thickness increases, due to the internal pore channels induced by the preparation process causing electron-phonon nonequilibrium effect inside the film.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Kunming Yang, Zhongyin Zhang, Haohao Zhao, Bihuan Yang, Boan Zhong, Naiqi Chen, Jian Song, Chu Chen, Dawei Tang, Jie Zhu, Yue Liu, Tongxiang Fan
Summary: The study investigates the thermal boundary conductance of Dia/Cu interfaces with different crystallographic orientations. By applying ion-beam bombardment, the orientation dependent conductance is reduced, revealing contrasting trends in conductance with ion-bombardment time. The findings shed light on the heat transport mechanisms at metal/nonmetal interfaces.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhongyin Zhang, Zheng Chang, Xuanhui Fan, Jing Zhou, Xinwei Wang, Gen Li, Xiaoliang Zhang, Jie Zhu, Dawei Tang
Summary: Utilizing high pressure to modulate the optical properties of Al nano-film, this study found that the dR/dT values exhibit a sine-like pressure dependence, with the zero-crossing occurring at around 6 GPa, which can be explained from the perspective of electron transitions.
Article
Physics, Applied
Chengyang Yuan, Zhongyin Zhang, Jie Zhu, Jiafei Zhao, Lei Yang, Lunxiang Zhang, Yongchen Song, Dawei Tang
Summary: The tetrahydrofuran (THF) clathrate hydrate exhibits an ultra-low thermal conductivity, with the trapped THF molecules playing a negligible role in reducing thermal conductivity, which is mainly dominated by the large unit cell and complex cage-like host structure.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2021)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Jing Zhou, Kunming Yang, Bihuan Yang, Boan Zhong, Songsong Yao, Youcao Ma, Jian Song, Tongxiang Fan, Dawei Tang, Jie Zhu, Yue Liu
Summary: Graphene has great potential for thermal management applications due to its high thermal conductivity. However, the low interface thermal conductance between graphene and metals limits its effective heat dissipation. In this study, the interfacial electron behaviors were investigated by comparing hydrogenation-treated graphene with pure graphene, and the effect of graphene layer numbers on the interfacial thermal conductance was systematically studied. The results showed that a larger interfacial thermal conductance can be obtained with lower layer numbers.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Jing Zhou, Xuanhui Fan, Jie Zhu, Zhongyin Zhang, Dawei Tang
Summary: This study systematically investigates the use of graphene and thin graphite films for thermal management in high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). The thermal conductivity and interfacial thermal resistance (ITR) between graphite and other materials were investigated to determine their effect on thermal management performance. Transient thermal analysis revealed that graphene and thin graphite films offer efficient heat dissipation in HEMTs under realistic conditions, providing insights for heat dissipation optimization.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Zhongyin Zhang, Xuanhui Fan, Jie Zhu, Kunpeng Yuan, Jing Zhou, Dawei Tang
Summary: High-pressure is widely used to improve material performances, such as thermal conductivity and interfacial thermal conductance. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) has attracted extensive attention in high-pressure studies due to its technological importance and complex structure transitions. The thermal properties of GaAs under high pressure are still not well understood. In this study, we systematically investigate GaAs and G Al/GaAs under multi-structure up to approximately 23 GPa. Our findings provide insights into understanding the role of phonons, lattice defects, and electrons in GaAs under pressure, as well as the enhancement of thermal conductance in G Al/GaAs.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Chengyang Yuan, Zhongyin Zhang, Jie Zhu, Jiafei Zhao, Lunxiang Zhang, Lei Yang, Yongchen Song, Dawei Tang
Summary: The underlying mechanism of limited lattice thermal conductivity in energy-related host-guest crystalline compounds has been studied. By using the time domain thermoreflectance technique and theoretical calculations, the ultralow thermal conductivity of xenon clathrate hydrate was investigated. It was found that localized guest modes hybridize with acoustic branches and severely limit the acoustic contribution. Additionally, guest fillers were found to cause significant phonon scattering in a wide range of frequencies.
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Hongyang Li, Chengzhi Hu, Yanhui Jiang, Jie Zhu, Yichuan He, Xianfeng Hu, Dawei Tang
Summary: In this study, a flexible and leakage-proof sodium alginate-based phase change composite film (PCCF) was fabricated via a facile and green synthesis method with the assistance of stainless steel meshes. Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used to enhance the thermal conductivity of the PCCF. The PCCF exhibited leakage proof and high thermal performance, making it suitable for providing thermal comfort to electronic devices.
ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Jing Zhou, Kunming Yang, Bihuan Yang, Boan Zhong, Songsong Yao, Youcao Ma, Jian Song, Tongxiang Fan, Dawei Tang, Jie Zhu, Yue Liu
Summary: As a typical two-dimensional material, graphene has high in-plane thermal conductivity but low interface thermal conductance with metals, limiting its effectiveness in thermal management. This study investigates the interfacial electron behaviors between hydrogenation-treated graphene and nickel nanofilms. The results show that a larger interface thermal conductance can be obtained when the layer number is low, possibly reaching a peak value at a certain layer number.
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yunxia Ma, Fei Liu, Honggang Pan, Hongjian Zhang, Shuxia Yan, Ailing Zhang
Summary: This paper proposes a dynamically tunable and switchable perfect infrared absorber that exhibits excellent electrical regulation performance and high absorptance. The absorption mechanism is explained using a multiple interference model, and it is proven to be polarization insensitive.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
F. J. dos Santos, G. S. M. Martins, M. Strobel, L. Beckedorff, K. V. de Paiva, J. L. G. Oliveira
Summary: This study investigates the effects of inlet conditions and plate's features on the thermal-flow performance of a gasket plate heat exchanger (GPHE) and assesses the impact of a modified tightening distance on its performance. No systematic study on the combined effects of inlet conditions and assembly accuracy on GPHE performance has been conducted before.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Alok K. Ray, Dibakar Rakshit, K. Ravi Kumar, Hal Gurgenci
Summary: The low thermal conductivity of phase change materials limits the heat transfer rate and application of latent heat storage systems. This numerical study examines the impact of two passive heat transfer enhancement techniques on the thermal performance of a latent heat storage system. The results show that the orientation and position of the heat transfer fluid tube have significant effects on the charging duration, while the discharging duration remains unchanged. The combined effect of orientation and eccentricity reduces the charging duration, but increases the discharging duration compared to the concentric domain.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yalu Han, Yanlong Wang, Chenyang Liu, Xinmin Hu, Yin An, Zhengcai Li, Jiaxun Jiang, Lizhi Du
Summary: This paper investigates the calculation method of thermal conductivity in NAPLs-contaminated soils. By establishing NAPLs-contaminated soil models and using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) for calculation, an optimized three-dimensional model with high computational accuracy and efficiency is obtained. The study also finds that saturation and Nz parameters have a significant impact on calculation time, while the thermal conductivity of the two-dimensional model is more sensitive to anisotropy. The influence of porosity and NAPLs content on thermal conductivity should be considered during in-situ thermal desorption.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mostafa Taha, Song Zhao, Aymeric Lamorlette, Jean-Louis Consalvi, Pierre Boivin
Summary: For the first time, large-eddy simulations (LES) of the near-field region of large-scale fire plumes were performed using a pressure-based Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) with low-Mach number approximation. The simulations showed quantitative agreement with experimental data and were consistent with previously-published numerical studies. The study demonstrated the computational efficiency of the proposed LBM solver in tackling fire-induced flows, suggesting LBMs as a good alternative candidate for modeling fire-related problems.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Weixin Zhang, Yehang Xie, Yuqiang Ding, Zhao Liu, Zhenping Feng
Summary: This study investigated the impact of upstream slot leakage on the endwall film cooling characteristics of turbine blades. Pressure Sensitive Paint (PSP) technology was used to measure the film cooling characteristics, and numerical analysis was conducted to evaluate the aerodynamic performance. It was found that increasing the mass flow ratio of the upstream slot enhanced film cooling, decreased aerodynamic losses, and reduced the strength of passage vortex. However, reducing the distance between the slot and the blade leading edge only enhanced film cooling without affecting the leakage coverage area.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Rui Zhang, Zhen-lei Li, Yan-sheng Zhang, Dong Chen, Guo Yuan
Summary: This study discusses the heat transfer behavior of different jet forms on steel tubes. The results show that the annular jet performs better in terms of cooling intensity and uniformity. The cooling performances of the two jet forms are similar when the steel tube size is small. Therefore, the planar jet can be considered for smaller diameters due to its simplicity, low cost, and convenience in application.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
A. R. Khoei, A. M. Orvati Movaffagh, A. Rezaei Sameti
Summary: This paper presents a comprehensive study on the thermo-mechanical characteristics of oxide-coated aluminum nano-powder. It is found that the thermal conductivity of oxide-coated aluminum nano-powder is significantly lower than that of the bulk aluminum, and it is affected by the density and temperature.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yanjin Wang, Jintao Xiong, Lingyu Chen, Zhihai Lv, Qian Wang
Summary: A solar radiation transfer model for spray cooling double skin facade (SC-DSF) is proposed in this study. The model is validated by experimental results and various influence factors are analyzed. The effectiveness of adjusting droplet coverage rate and size is also evaluated.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Bostjan Zajec, Blaz Mikuz, Anil Kumar Basavaraj, Marko Matkovic, Matej Tekavcic, Martin Draksler, Leon Cizelj, Bostjan Koncar
Summary: We have developed an advanced experimental setup to investigate flow and heat transfer in an annular channel. The setup allows heat transfer measurements and flow visualization using a temperature-controlled inner tube. Measurements can be conducted in both single-phase and two-phase flow regimes. The setup ensures a uniform velocity field in the annular channel using specially designed inlet and outlet headers. The inner copper tube is heated by water and contains turbulators for enhanced heat transfer and thermocouples for temperature measurement. A three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer CFD model has been developed and validated to accurately estimate heat losses in the setup. This study demonstrates the importance of numerical simulations in improving the interpretation of complex experimental results.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Weijie Chen, Ke Wang, Yongqing Wang, Shantung Tu, Zunchao Liu, Huijuan Su
Summary: In this study, a novel gradient porosity transpiration cooling plate structure (GP-TCPS) is proposed to alleviate heat transfer deterioration caused by non-uniform temperature distribution in transpiration cooling plate structure (TCPS). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and response surface method (RSM) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the flow and heat transfer of GP-TCPS. The optimized structure of GP-TCPS significantly improves temperature uniformity, injection pressure, and average cooling efficiency compared to traditional TCPS.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
R. Essam, A. Elsaid, W. K. Zahra
Summary: This study presents a novel bioheat model for simulating heat transfer in skin tissue. The model offers an improved representation of thermal dynamics in the skin and has been validated using numerical solutions and experimental measurements. The study highlights the importance of incorporating vascular inlet parameters and thermal relaxation effects in the thermal profile, and suggests potential applications in thermal therapy and wound healing.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Dongbo Shi, Tao Xu, Zifeng Chen, Di Zhang, Yonghui Xie
Summary: The cooling structure design of turbine blades is crucial for the safety and reliability of the gas turbine set. This research investigates different arrangement schemes, including dimple/protrusion arrangements, to enhance the cooling performance. The results show that the arrangement scheme with both passes arranged by dimples has the best comprehensive thermal performance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Emrehan Guersoy, Hayati Kadir Pazarlioglu, Mehmet Guerdal, Engin Gedik, Kamil Arslan
Summary: The thermo-hydraulic performance of Al2O3/H2O nanofluid with different nanoparticle shapes flowing in a sudden expansion tube with variable sudden expansion inclination angles and elliptical dimpled fins with different diameters were numerically investigated. The results showed that the nanoparticle shapes, sudden expansion inclination angles, and elliptical dimpled fin have significant impact on the thermo-hydraulic performance. This study reveals the novelty and importance of these factors in the research.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Rukun Hu, Xinyu Huang, Xinyu Gao, Liu Lu, Xiaohu Yang, Bengt Sund
Summary: This study examines the impact of applying bottom cross-cut on PCM's spatial distribution in a horizontal LHTES unit using numerical simulation. The findings show that bottom cross-cut can improve the heat storage rate and natural convection heat transfer gain.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2024)
