Natural selection and demographic transition in a Zapotec-speaking genetic isolate in the Valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico

Objective: The study analyzed the potential for natural selection and the demographic transition in an isolated Amerindian population in the process of secular change in body size. Setting: A genetically isolated, Zapotec-speaking community located in the Valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico, has been studied regularly from the mid-1960s to 2000. Children, adolescents and young adults have experienced a recent secular increase in body size since 1978 after a major period of no change. Methods: Potential for natural selection and the demographic transition were analyzed over a 100-year period, ca 1900-2000. National census data, results from anthropological surveys and community archives and reports were used. Results: Opportunity for natural selection changed markedly over the last century. Demographic transition to Stage II occurred ca 1955 and preceded a secular increase in body size. The crossover between curves for mortality (I-m) and fertility (I-f) occurred at approximately the time of onset of the secular trend among children, adolescents and young adults, i.e. those born since the early 1970s. Conclusions: The 'classic' demographic transition occurred in the mid-1950s and preceded the secular increase in body size. A 'critical mass' of environmental improvement appears to be necessary to activate secular improvements in growth status, possibly turning on a gene complex that interacts with the improved environmental conditions. The lead time from the onset of demographic transition phase II to beginning of the secular trend is approximately 25 years (one generation) in this community.