Review
Physiology
Dina Maaliki, Maha M. Itani, Hana A. Itani
Summary: Most cases of hypertension are primary and closely related to modifiable risk factors such as salt intake. Studies have shown that even small reductions in salt consumption can lower blood pressure in people of all ages. Salt-sensitivity has been identified as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension is still unclear due to its multifactorial etiology, complex genetic influences, and the lack of a diagnostic tool.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Jessica Magid-Bernstein, Romuald Girard, Sean Polster, Abhinav Srinath, Sharbel Romanos, Issam A. Awad, Lauren H. Sansing
Summary: This review article provides an overview of the epidemiology, cause, mechanisms of injury, current treatment strategies, and future research directions of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The incidence of hemorrhagic stroke has increased globally in the past 40 years, with changes in the cause over time due to improved hypertension management and increased use of anticoagulants. Preclinical and clinical trials have shed light on the underlying cause and mechanisms of injury from ICH, including the complex interaction between edema, inflammation, iron-induced injury, and oxidative stress. Although several trials have investigated the optimal medical and surgical management of ICH, there has been no clear improvement in survival and functional outcomes. Ongoing research into novel approaches for ICH management offers hope for reducing the devastating impact of this disease in the future.
CIRCULATION RESEARCH
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vittoria Favero, Arianna Cremaschi, Chiara Parazzoli, Alberto Falchetti, Agostino Gaudio, Luigi Gennari, Alfredo Scillitani, Fabio Vescini, Valentina Morelli, Carmen Aresta, Iacopo Chiodini
Summary: Mild hypercortisolism refers to abnormal cortisol secretion without the overt manifestations of Cushing's syndrome. It is commonly found in patients with adrenal incidentalomas and incidentally discovered pituitary tumors. The pathogenesis of hypercortisolism of pituitary origin is still unclear, while advances have been made in understanding the genetic background of adrenal adenomas causing mild hypercortisolism. The clinical consequences of mild hypercortisolism include bone fragility, arterial hypertension, subclinical atherosclerosis, cardiovascular remodeling, dyslipidemia, glucose metabolism impairment, visceral adiposity, infections, muscle damage, mood disorders, and coagulation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Marharyta Semenikhina, Mariia Stefanenko, Denisha R. Spires, Dania Ilatovskaya, Oleg Palygin
Summary: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in the kidney, involved in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, the mechanisms of NO production and release in glomerular cells, particularly podocytes, are not well understood. Changes in NO availability have been implicated in diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. Further investigation into these mechanisms will help in developing strategies to prevent or manage kidney damage.
Review
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Bhavisha A. Bakrania, Eric M. George, Joey P. Granger
Summary: Animal models play a critical role in investigating the pathogenesis and treatment options for preeclampsia. They allow researchers to study the detailed mechanisms of this disease and are important tools in the search for novel therapies.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
David G. Harrison, Thomas M. Coffman, Christopher S. Wilcox
Summary: Dr. Irvine Page proposed the Mosaic Theory of Hypertension in the 1940s, advocating that hypertension is the result of many interacting factors. Over the years, new concepts have arisen that allow further refinements of the theory, emphasizing the interdependence of various nodes.
CIRCULATION RESEARCH
(2021)
Review
Peripheral Vascular Disease
Justine Huart, Alexandre Persu, Jean-Philippe Lengele, Jean-Marie Krzesinski, Francois Jouret, George S. Stergiou
Summary: The nondipping blood pressure pattern refers to an inadequate decrease in BP levels during nighttime sleep, disrupting the circadian BP rhythm as observed in 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring. Patients with this pattern experience poorer renal and cardiovascular outcomes regardless of their average 24-hour BP levels. The pathophysiology of nondipping BP involves disruptions in circadian rhythm, autonomic nervous system, and water and sodium regulation, and recent research has also suggested a potential role of gut microbiota in this pattern.
Article
Pharmacology & Pharmacy
Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard, Zeinab Shirvani-Farsani, Bashdar Mahmud Hussen, Mohammad Taheri, Majid Samsami
Summary: This review describes the role of non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of hypertension, including dysregulated long non-coding RNAs, miRNAs, and circular RNAs.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Naoyuki Otani, Ryo Watanabe, Takashi Tomoe, Shigeru Toyoda, Takanori Yasu, Takaaki Nakamoto
Summary: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) refers to the condition where an organic thrombus remains in the pulmonary artery (PA) even after receiving anticoagulation therapy for more than 3 months, leading to pulmonary hypertension (PH), right-sided heart failure, and death. CTEPH is a progressive pulmonary vascular disease with a poor prognosis if left untreated. The standard treatment for CTEPH is pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA), but balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) and drug therapy have also shown promising results.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Alastair J. S. Webb, David J. Werring
Summary: Despite advances in stroke management, hypertension remains a major risk factor for cerebrovascular disease. Blood pressure control is important, but doesn't fully prevent vascular cognitive impairment. The relationship between hypertension and cerebral blood flow control is not well understood. Increased blood pressure variability and changes in arterial stiffness may contribute to the risk of stroke. Targeting cerebral pulsatility and vascular reactivity in early clinical trials shows promise. The role of cerebral autoregulation as a modifiable risk factor is still uncertain. Understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension-related cerebrovascular disease may help prevent chronic cerebrovascular disease, acute events, and vascular cognitive impairment.
Review
Ophthalmology
Jim Shenchu Xie, Laura Donaldson, Edward Margolin
Summary: Papilledema is optic nerve head edema caused by increased intracranial pressure. It is usually associated with normal visual function in the acute phase. The most common cause is idiopathic intracranial hypertension, but other factors can also contribute. Diagnostic tests should be performed to determine the underlying cause and targeted treatment should be provided accordingly.
SURVEY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biology
Bhagyashri Joshi, Ganesh Wagh, Harmandeep Kaur, Chinmoy Patra
Summary: Hypertension, a chronic clinical condition, can have damaging effects on multiple organs, and utilizing zebrafish as a model to study its pathophysiology can provide valuable insights and benefits.
Review
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Ato O. Aikins, Dianna H. Nguyen, Obed Paundralingga, George E. Farmer, Caroline Gusson Shimoura, Courtney Brock, J. Thomas Cunningham
Summary: AVP and OXY are released by magnocellular neurosecretory cells projecting to the posterior pituitary. While traditionally not believed to contribute to basal cardiovascular function, recent studies suggest potential re-evaluation as evidence indicates their role in cardiovascular pathophysiology.
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Courtney Bisson, Sydney Dautel, Easha Patel, Sunitha Suresh, Patricia Dauer, Sarosh Rana
Summary: Preeclampsia is a disease that has wide-ranging effects on the body's organ systems, with consequences lasting beyond the immediate postpartum period. Current research aims to understand the pathophysiology of preeclampsia for accurate screening and treatment. Preeclampsia impacts maternal morbidity and mortality in the cardiovascular system and other organs, with effects persisting after pregnancy. This review discusses the current understanding of preeclampsia's pathophysiology and ways to improve overall outcomes.
FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE
(2023)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Zied Ltaief, Patrick Yerly, Lucas Liaudet
Summary: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) associated with left heart diseases (PH-LHD), or group 2 PH, is the most common form of PH. It is caused by the transmission of high left heart pressures to the right ventricle, which increases the workload on the right ventricle by reducing pulmonary artery compliance. In some patients, remodeling of the pulmonary circulation leads to a pre-capillary PH phenotype, with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance further increasing the right ventricle's workload. Current targeted therapies have shown limited effectiveness in PH-LHD patients compared to other forms of pre-capillary PH, and further research is needed to determine their potential benefits in specific patient subgroups with different hemodynamic phenotypes and degrees of right ventricle dysfunction.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
