期刊
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY
卷 178, 期 4, 页码 652-660出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt009
关键词
chloroform; complex mixtures; logistic models; principal-components analysis; Spain; trihalomethanes; urinary bladder neoplasms
资金
- US National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics [NCI NO2-CP-11015]
- Spanish Health Ministry [FIS/Spain 00/0745, ISIII-GO3/174]
- European Union [BMH4-98-3243]
- Erasmus Columbus Master Scholarship [2009-5123/001-001-ECW]
- Colciencias PhD Scholarship [529/2011]
Lifetime exposure to trihalomethanes (THM) has been associated with increased risk of bladder cancer. We explored methods of analyzing bladder cancer risk associated with 4 THM (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) as surrogates for disinfection by-product (DBP) mixtures in a case-control study in Spain (1998-2001). Lifetime average concentrations of THM in the households of 686 incident bladder cancer cases and 750 matched hospital-based controls were calculated. Several exposure metrics were modeled through conditional logistic regression, including the following analyses: total THM (mu g/L), cytotoxicity-weighted sum of total THM (pmol/L), 4 THM in separate models, 4 THM in 1 model, chloroform and the sum of brominated THM in 1 model, and a principal-components analysis. THM composition, concentrations, and correlations varied between areas. The model for total THM was stable and showed increasing dose-response trends. Models for separate THM provided unstable estimates and inconsistent dose-response relationships. Risk estimation for specific THM is hampered by the varying composition of the mixture, correlation between species, and imprecision of historical estimates. Total THM (mu g/L) provided a proxy measure of DBPs that yielded the strongest dose-response relationship with bladder cancer risk. A variety of metrics and statistical approaches should be used to evaluate this association in other settings.
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