Article
Environmental Sciences
Jinling Song, Xiao Zhu, Jianbo Qi, Yong Pang, Lei Yang, Lihong Yu
Summary: This study presents a new method for quantifying understory Leaf Area Index (LAI) in temperate forests by combining the advantages of point cloud and full-waveform LiDAR data. Through a series of steps including automatically determining height boundaries, deconvolution, waveform decomposition, and modification of LiDAR equations, the understory LAI was estimated successfully. Validation against ground-based measurements showed a good estimation with an R-2 of 0.54 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.21.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Atefeh Sabouri, Adel Bakhshipour, MohammadHossein Poornoori, Abouzar Abouzari
Summary: This study used machine learning methods to estimate leaf area (LA) of different plum genotypes and found that the ANN and ANFIS models were more accurate than other models. Additionally, by combining image analysis and modeling, a highly accurate smart non-destructive measurement system for leaf area was developed.
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Weng Kuan Yau, Oon-Ee Ng, Sze Wei Lee
Summary: This paper presents a portable device using the RGB-D sensor Kinect v2 for non-destructive measurements of individual leaf areas outdoors. An unsupervised clustering method, HDBSCAN, is utilized to segment individual leaves from captured 2.5D frames, allowing for accurate measurement of leaf surface area.
COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Haitao Li, Gengchen Wu, Shutian Tao, Hao Yin, Kaijie Qi, Shaoling Zhang, Wei Guo, Seishi Ninomiya, Yue Mu
Summary: This paper proposes an automatic branch-leaf segmentation pipeline based on lidar point cloud for nondestructive and accurate measurements of leaf phenotypic parameters. The proposed method establishes a 3D model and uses the PointNet++ model for segmentation, achieving efficient and convenient measurements compared to manual methods.
Article
Plant Sciences
Binbin Han, Yaqin Li, Zhilong Bie, Chengli Peng, Yuan Huang, Shengyong Xu
Summary: This paper proposes a novel framework for point cloud segmentation and completion, aiming to achieve accurate measurement of leaf area in melon seedlings. The proposed framework enhances measurement accuracy by effectively filtering out outliers in the point cloud data and utilizing a new network for simultaneous segmentation and completion. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform other competitors and provide more accurate measurement results.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yining Lian, Zhongke Feng, Yongjian Huai, Hao Lu, Shilin Chen, Niwen Li
Summary: Computer vision technology has significantly advanced forest observation equipment, with the introduction of a spiral observation method and a new point cloud data processing method for tree DBH extraction and biomass calculation. Experimental results show that videogrammetry provides accurate and cost-effective results comparable to TLS and photogrammetry in forest resource surveys.
Article
Plant Sciences
Jiayuan Lin, Decao Chen, Wenjian Wu, Xiaohan Liao
Summary: Urban forests play a crucial role in urban ecological environments. Utilizing UAV remote sensing technology and a new allometric equation, accurate estimation of tree aboveground biomass in urban forests is achievable.
URBAN FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Yu Zhang, Maowei Li, GuiXin Li, Jinsong Li, Lihua Zheng, Man Zhang, Minjuan Wang
Summary: This paper utilized 3D computer vision technology to measure lettuce phenotypic parameters non-destructively and estimate biomass through point clouds. The study demonstrated high accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method in segmenting plant information and could be applied for high-throughput phenotyping analysis.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Qiujie Li, Yuxi Xue
Summary: Variable-rate spraying methods using sensors have been proposed to solve the problems of pesticide waste and environmental pollution caused by traditional spraying methods. A new method based on total grid area (TGA) measured from LiDAR sensor echoes is proposed for estimating the total leaf area (TLA) of individual tree canopies. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively eliminate the effects of different LiDAR moving speeds and ranging distances during TLA measurements, providing a more accurate assessment.
COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE
(2023)
Article
Agronomy
Lijun Su, Wanghai Tao, Yan Sun, Yuyang Shan, Quanjiu Wang
Summary: This paper analyzes the relationship between Leaf Area Index (LAI) and crop biomass production and yields. The researchers established universal models for LAI and accurately predicted LAI changes in extremely arid grape-growing areas using various models. The Michaelis-Menten model and quadratic polynomial function were used to predict dynamic changes in grapevine LAI, biomass, yields, and harvest index. This study provides insights for improving water use efficiency and determining optimal irrigation quotas in grape cultivation.
Article
Agriculture, Multidisciplinary
Teng Miao, Chao Zhu, Tongyu Xu, Tao Yang, Na Li, Yuncheng Zhou, Hanbing Deng
Summary: The study proposes an automatic segmentation method for maize plants from 3D point clouds, achieving high precision and recall rates. It enables accurate measurement of phenotypic traits and skeleton extraction. This approach is crucial for further maize research and applications, offering benefits like genotype-to-phenotype studies and geometric reconstruction.
COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Chao Sun, Longxin Miao, Meiyuan Wang, Jiuye Shi, Jianjun Ding
Summary: This paper proposes a method to address the problem of incomplete 3D reconstruction of strongly reflective objects by recognizing outlier points and filling point cloud holes. The proposed method improves the alignment of initial point cloud planes and enhances the accuracy of outlier point recognition, achieving better reconstruction results.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Deni Suwardhi, Kamal Nur Fauzan, Agung Budi Harto, Budhy Soeksmantono, Riantini Virtriana, Arnadi Murtiyoso
Summary: The development and management of green open spaces are crucial in addressing environmental issues. This study focuses on 3D modeling and biomass calculation using UAV technology, and it identifies the best method for achieving accurate results.
ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Yuanyuan Gu, Dawei Zhou, Yufei An, Rui Wang, Kan Wu, Xinpeng Diao
Summary: This paper proposes a combined filtering method for accurate ground point extraction in complex terrains and dense vegetation environments. The method, based on the Self-Adaptive-Grid method (SAG) and Point to Surface Comparison (PSC), gradually eliminates non-ground points to obtain high-precision ground points. These ground points can be used as important data for terrain modeling, surface subsidence monitoring, and studying the laws of surface subsidence, making it of great value in application.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Nikolay V. Shabanov, Vyacheslav A. Egorov, Tatiana S. Miklashevich, Ekaterina A. Stytsenko, Sergey A. Bartalev
Summary: The retrieval of land surface phenology metrics depends on the choice of base variables, with LAI showing better sensitivity and more conservative estimates compared to other variables. Additionally, this study demonstrates the presence of latitudinal dependence in phenometrics over Russian forests.
Article
Forestry
Jessica Rebola-Lichtenberg, Juliane Streit, Peter Schall, Christian Ammer, Dominik Seidel
Summary: Short rotation coppices with mixed plantings of fast-growing Populus hybrids and N-fixing Robinia pseudoacacia may initially exhibit complementarity effects, but over time the competitive advantage of Robinia pseudoacacia begins to overshadow the facilitative benefits of species interaction.
Correction
Forestry
Katharina Burkardt, Tim Pettenkofer, Christian Ammer, Oliver Gailing, Ludger Leinemann, Dominik Seidel, Torsten Vor
Article
Ecology
Janna Wambsganss, Gregoire T. Freschet, Friderike Beyer, Juergen Bauhus, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
Summary: The mixing of tree species has a relatively weak effect on fine-root litter mass loss, with initial litter quality and environmental conditions being more important predictors of decomposition. Tree species mixing can alter decomposition rates, but the impacts are context-dependent and less significant compared to environmental factors.
Article
Forestry
Peter Annighoefer, Martina Mund, Dominik Seidel, Christian Ammer, Aitor Ameztegui, Philippe Balandier, Ieva Bebre, Lluis Coll, Catherine Collet, Tobias Hamm, Franka Huth, Heike Schneider, Christian Kuehne, Magnus Loef, Any Mary Petritan, Ion Catalin Petritan, Schall Peter, Bauhus Juergen
Summary: Roots serve as the interface between trees and soil, playing a key role in water absorption, nutrient uptake, and contributing to forest primary production. Analysis of 19 European datasets revealed that tree sapling dimensions are crucial estimators for root biomass, with an increasing share of belowground biomass with size.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sara Uzquiano, Ignacio Barbeito, Roberto San Martin, Martin Ehbrecht, Dominik Seidel, Felipe Bravo
Summary: Mixed forests can improve the resilience and resistance of forest ecosystems. Studying the crown variables of Scots pine and sessile oak in mixtures showed complementarity between the two species, leading to increased above ground structural diversity.
Article
Ecology
Martyna M. Kotowska, Sasya Samhita, Dietrich Hertel, Triadiati Triadiati, Friderike Beyer, Kara Allen, Roman M. Link, Christoph Leuschner
Summary: This study investigated the effects of tropical forest conversion to tree plantations on fine root traits. The results showed significant differences in fine root morphology, dynamics, and longevity among different land-use systems. This has important implications for soil carbon cycling and biological activity.
Article
Forestry
Daniel P. Soto, Christian Salas-Eljatib, Pablo J. Donoso, Angela Hernandez-Moreno, Dominik Seidel, Anthony W. D'Amato
Summary: Climate plays a crucial role in determining the productivity and structural complexity of forest ecosystems. This study investigates the effects of varying annual precipitation regimes on forest attributes and processes in lenga forests in Patagonia. The results show that different precipitation conditions lead to variations in tree size and age structure, spatial point patterns, and forest stand productivity. This research highlights the importance of developing site-specific management approaches for these forests in response to future changes in precipitation.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2022)
Article
Forestry
Thomas Mathes, Dominik Seidel, Peter Annighoefer
Summary: This study analyzed the effects of three years of summer drought (2018-2020) on beech trees in northern Bavaria, Germany. The results showed that the dominant trees were significantly affected by the drought, while the subordinate trees maintained consistent growth. This drought event could act as a tipping point for beech forests.
Article
Biodiversity Conservation
Joerg Mueller, Oliver Mitesser, Marc W. Cadotte, Fons van der Plas, Akira S. Mori, Christian Ammer, Anne Chao, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Petr Baldrian, Claus Baessler, Peter Biedermann, Simone Cesarz, Alice Classen, Benjamin M. Delory, Heike Feldhaar, Andreas Fichtner, Torsten Hothorn, Claudia Kuenzer, Marcell K. Peters, Kerstin Pierick, Thomas Schmitt, Bernhard Schuldt, Dominik Seidel, Diana Six, Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter, Simon Thorn, Goddert von Oheimb, Martin Wegmann, Wolfgang W. Weisser, Nico Eisenhauer
Summary: Intensification of land use by humans has led to a homogenization of landscapes and decreasing resilience of ecosystems globally due to a loss of biodiversity, including the majority of forests. Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) research has provided compelling evidence for a positive effect of biodiversity on ecosystem functions and services at the local (alpha-diversity) scale, but we largely lack empirical evidence on how the loss of between-patch beta-diversity affects biodiversity and multifunctionality at the landscape scale (gamma-diversity).
GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Kirsten Hoewler, Dominik Seidel, Tobias Krenn, Dirk Berthold, Martin Ehbrecht, Jan Mueller, Bettina Kietz
Summary: This study investigated the effects of different silvicultural treatments and stand densities on the growth and wood properties of Norway spruce. The results showed that stands thinned from below had higher wood densities and smaller annual rings, and crown asymmetry and height-to-diameter ratio were identified as indicators of wood density.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Thomas Mathes, Dominik Seidel, Karl-Heinz Haeberle, Hans Pretzsch, Peter Annighoefer
Summary: Laser scanning enables accurate measurement of single-tree morphologies and stand structural variables. This study addresses the issue of occlusion in forest scanning by utilizing a unique study site setup. The results show that occlusion is particularly prominent at the canopy level and leads to an underestimation of tree height. The voxelization of point clouds with a size of at least 20 cm is effective in reducing occlusion effects while still preserving detailed information.
Article
Forestry
Dominik Seidel, Christian Ammer
Summary: Managing forests for increased structural complexity and understanding them as 'complex adaptive systems' is important in modern silviculture. However, managed forests are often less complex in structure compared to primary forests due to specific production goals. The reason why natural forests tend to have large aboveground structural complexity remains unanswered. Considering thermodynamic theory in forest ecosystem research can provide insights into why structural complexity is a result of natural selection and beneficial to forests, linking it to productivity and adaptive capacity.
FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(2023)
Article
Forestry
M. Roessner, T. Vor, D. Seidel
Summary: In this study, the bark-stripping of European beech trees in the Harz Mountains was recorded, and the performance of a conventional and a structure-from-motion approach for quantifying external damage was compared. It was found that the structure-from-motion approach did not accurately predict the internal wood defects compared to the conventional measurements. The internally damaged area was smaller than the externally damaged area, but the length of the stem section affected by the damage was always greater inside than outside.
TREES FORESTS AND PEOPLE
(2023)
Article
Forestry
Katharina Willim, Christian Ammer, Dominik Seidel, Peter Annighoefer, Julia Schmucker, Peter Schall, Martin Ehbrecht
Summary: This study quantified the dynamics of stand structural complexity in differently managed and unmanaged European beech forests. Unmanaged forests showed no significant changes, while managed forests showed more pronounced dynamics in stand structural complexity. Uneven-aged stands with higher initial canopy openness showed a higher increase. Stand structural complexity dynamics differed between different developmental stages under even-aged forest management.
TREES FORESTS AND PEOPLE
(2022)
Article
Ecology
Marius G. Heidenreich, Dominik Seidel
Summary: This study developed a new method for assessing tree vitality by performing laser scanning on a forest plot. The method measures the difference in structural complexity between summer and winter and provides an objective and reproducible way to quantify defoliation and the effects of branch diebacks. The study found a decrease in overall structural complexity and branch lengths for most trees in the investigated forest, with a smaller difference in structural complexity between summer and winter for higher vitality class. The newly proposed method based on the box-dimension shows potential to be used as a measure for tree vitality in deciduous forests.
FRONTIERS IN FORESTS AND GLOBAL CHANGE
(2022)
Article
Agronomy
Wenyi Xu, Bo Elberling, Per Lennart Ambus
Summary: The frequency and extent of wildfires in the Arctic have been increasing due to climate change. In this study, researchers conducted experiments in West Greenland to investigate the long-term impacts of climate warming on post-fire carbon dioxide exchange in arctic tundra ecosystems. They found that fire increased soil organic phosphorus concentrations and burned areas remained a net CO2 source five years after the fire. However, with four to five years of summer warming, the burned areas turned into a net CO2 sink.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Yuanhang Yang, Jiabo Yin, Shengyu Kang, Louise J. Slater, Xihui Gu, Aliaksandr Volchak
Summary: This study investigates the impacts of water and heat stress on carbon uptake in China and explores the driving mechanisms of droughts using a machine learning model. The results show that droughts are mostly driven by atmospheric dryness, with precipitation, relative humidity, and temperature playing dominant roles. Water and heat stress have negative impacts on carbon assimilation, and drought occurrence is projected to increase significantly in the future. Improving ecosystem resilience to climate warming is crucial in mitigating the negative effects of droughts on carbon uptake.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Ningbo Cui, Shunsheng Zheng, Shouzheng Jiang, Mingjun Wang, Lu Zhao, Ziling He, Yu Feng, Yaosheng Wang, Daozhi Gong, Chunwei Liu, Rangjian Qiu
Summary: This study proposes a method to partition evapotranspiration (ET) into its components in agroforestry systems. The method is based on water-carbon coupling theory and flux conservation hypothesis. The results show that the partitioned components agree well with measurements from other sensors. The study also finds that atmospheric evaporation demand and vegetation factors greatly influence the components of ET, and increased tree leaf area limits understory grass transpiration.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Xinhao Li, Tianshan Zha, Andrew Black, Xin Jia, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Peng Liu, Yun Tian, Chuan Jin, Ruizhi Yang, Feng Zhang, Haiqun Yu, Jing Xie
Summary: With the rapid increase of urbanization, evapotranspiration (ET) in urban forests has become increasingly important in urban hydrology and climate. However, there is still a large uncertainty regarding the factors that regulate ET in urban areas. This study investigates the temporal variations of ET in an urban forest park in Beijing using the eddy-covariance technique. The results show that daily ET is close to zero during winter but reaches 3-6 mm day-1 in summer. Daily ET increases with vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and soil water content (SWC). Monthly ET increases linearly with normalized difference vegetation index and shows a strong correlation with surface conductance (gs), while exhibiting saturated responses to increasing monthly precipitation (PPT). Annual ET ranges from 326 to 566 mm, and soil water replenishment through PPT from the previous year is responsible for the generally higher monthly ET in spring relative to PPT. Biotic factors and PPT seasonality play essential roles in regulating ET at different scales.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Zhaogang Liu, Zhi Chen, Meng Yang, Tianxiang Hao, Guirui Yu, Xianjin Zhu, Weikang Zhang, Lexin Ma, Xiaojun Dou, Yong Lin, Wenxing Luo, Lang Han, Mingyu Sun, Shiping Chen, Gang Dong, Yanhong Gao, Yanbin Hao, Shicheng Jiang, Yingnian Li, Yuzhe Li, Shaomin Liu, Peili Shi, Junlei Tan, Yakun Tang, Xiaoping Xin, Fawei Zhang, Yangjian Zhang, Liang Zhao, Li Zhou, Zhilin Zhu
Summary: This study investigates the responses of temperate grassland (TG) and alpine grassland (AG) to climate change by studying carbon (C) fluxes across different regions in China. The results reveal that water factors consistently increase C fluxes, while temperature factors have opposite effects on TG and AG. The study enhances our understanding of C sinks and grassland sensitivity to climate change.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Peng Li, Huijie Li, Bingcheng Si, Tao Zhou, Chunhua Zhang, Min Li
Summary: This study mapped the distribution of forest age on the Chinese Loess Plateau using the LandTrendr algorithm. The results show that the LT algorithm is a convenient, efficient, and reliable method for identifying forest age. The findings have important implications for assessing and quantifying biomass and carbon sequestration in afforestation efforts on the Chinese Loess Plateau.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Review
Agronomy
Yean-Uk Kim, Heidi Webber, Samuel G. K. Adiku, Rogerio de S. Noia Junior, Jean-Charles Deswarte, Senthold Asseng, Frank Ewert
Summary: As climate change is expected to increase the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, it is crucial to assess their impact on cropping systems and explore adaptation options. Process-based crop models (PBCMs) have improved in simulating the impacts of major extreme weather events, but still struggle to reproduce low crop yields under wet conditions. This article provides an overview of the yield-loss mechanisms of excessive rainfall in cereals and the associated modelling approaches, aiming to guide improvements in PBCMs.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Xiaodong Liu, Yingjie Feng, Xinyu Zhao, Zijie Cui, Peiling Liu, Xiuzhi Chen, Qianmei Zhang, Juxiu Liu
Summary: Understanding the impact of climate on litterfall production is crucial for simulating nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. This study analyzed a 14-year litterfall dataset from two subtropical forests in South China and found that litterfall was mainly influenced by wind speed during the wet season and by temperature during the dry season. These findings have potential significance in improving our understanding of carbon and nutrient cycling in subtropical forest ecosystems under climate change conditions.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Ruonan Chen, Liangyun Liu, Zhunqiao Liu, Xinjie Liu, Jongmin Kim, Hyun Seok Kim, Hojin Lee, Genghong Wu, Chenhui Guo, Lianhong Gu
Summary: Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) has the potential to estimate gross primary production (GPP), but the quantitative relationship between them is not constant. In this study, a mechanistic model for SIF-based GPP estimation in evergreen needle forests (ENF) was developed, considering the seasonal variation in a key parameter of the model. The GPP estimates from this model were more accurate compared to other benchmark models, especially in extreme conditions.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Jingyi Zhu, Yanzheng Yang, Nan Meng, Ruonan Li, Jinfeng Ma, Hua Zheng
Summary: This study developed a random forest model using climate station and satellite data to generate high-precision precipitation datasets for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. By incorporating multisource satellite data, the model achieved a significant enhancement in precipitation accuracy and showed promising results in regions with limited meteorological stations and substantial spatial heterogeneity in precipitation patterns.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Yulin Yan, Youngryel Ryu, Bolun Li, Benjamin Dechant, Sheir Afgen Zaheer, Minseok Kang
Summary: Sustainable rice farming practices are urgently needed to meet increasing food demand, cope with water scarcity, and mitigate climate change. Traditional farming methods that prioritize a single objective have proven to be insufficient, while simultaneously optimizing multiple competing objectives remains less explored. This study optimized farm management to increase rice yield, reduce irrigation water consumption, and tackle the dilemma of reducing GHG emissions. The results suggest that the optimized management can maintain or even increase crop yield, while reducing water demand and GHG emissions by more than 50%.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Sasha D. Hafner, Jesper N. Kamp, Johanna Pedersen
Summary: This study compared micrometeorological and wind tunnel measurements using a semi-empirical model to understand wind tunnel measurement error. The results showed differences in emission estimates between the two methods, but the ALFAM2 model was able to reproduce emission dynamics for both methods when considering differences in mass transfer. The study provides a template for integrating and comparing measurements from different methods, suggesting the use of wind tunnel measurements for model evaluation and parameter estimation.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Wenfang Xu, Wenping Yuan, Donghai Wu, Yao Zhang, Ruoque Shen, Xiaosheng Xia, Philippe Ciais, Juxiu Liu
Summary: In the summer of 2022, China experienced record-breaking heatwaves and droughts, which had a significant impact on plant growth. The study also found that heatwaves were more critical than droughts in limiting vegetation growth.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Jiaqi Guo, Xiaohong Liu, Wensen Ge, Liangju Zhao, Wenjie Fan, Xinyu Zhang, Qiangqiang Lu, Xiaoyu Xing, Zihan Zhou
Summary: Vegetation photosynthetic phenology is an important indicator for understanding the impacts of climate change on terrestrial carbon cycle. This study evaluated and compared the abilities of different spectral indices to model photosynthetic phenology, and found that NIRv and PRI are effective proxies for monitoring photosynthetic phenology.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agronomy
Arango Ruda Elizabeth, M. Altaf Arain
Summary: Temperate deciduous forests have significant impacts on regional and global water cycles. This study examined the effects of climate change and extreme weather events on the water use and evapotranspiration of a temperate deciduous forest in eastern North America. The results showed that photosynthetically active radiation and air temperature were the primary drivers of evapotranspiration, while vapor pressure deficit regulated water use efficiency. The study also found a changing trend in water use efficiency over the years, influenced by extreme weather conditions.
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
(2024)