Review
Oncology
Margarita Artemenko, Sophia S. W. Zhong, Sally K. Y. To, Alice S. T. Wong
Summary: p70(S6K) plays a critical role in protein synthesis, cell growth, and cancer progression, and its activation is associated with poor prognosis in certain cancer types. In addition to mTOR-targeted drugs, there are emerging p70(S6K)-selective drugs under development.
Article
Physiology
Baubak Shamim, Donny M. Camera, Jamie Whitfield
Summary: In this study, it was found that resistance, endurance, and concurrent training can similarly induce myofibre hypertrophy without expansion of satellite cell and myonuclear pool. Additionally, the results suggest that myonuclear accretion via satellite cell fusion is positively correlated with hypertrophy after 12 weeks of concurrent training.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ryan W. Baranowski, Jessica L. Braun, Briana L. Hockey, Jenalyn L. Yumol, Mia S. Geromella, Colton J. F. Watson, Nigel Kurgan, Holt N. Messner, Kennedy C. Whitley, Adam J. MacNeil, Guillemette Gauquelin-Koch, Fabrice Bertile, William Gittings, Rene Vandenboom, Wendy E. Ward, Val A. Fajardo
Summary: The study examined the effects of 30 days of spaceflight on GSK3 content and serine phosphorylation in murine muscle and bone samples. It was found that spaceflight reduced GSK3 beta content in all missions, but its serine phosphorylation increased in two missions. The reduction in GSK3 beta was associated with the decrease in type IIA fibers, while inhibiting GSK3 before the fiber type shift increased muscle mass and promoted oxidative fiber type.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Alessandra Renzini, Carles Sanchez Riera, Isidora Minic, Chiara D'Ercole, Biliana Lozanoska-Ochser, Alessia Cedola, Giuseppe Gigli, Viviana Moresi, Luca Madaro
Summary: The skeletal muscle, as a highly responsive tissue, undergoes metabolic changes in response to external demand. Various atrophic conditions, such as aging, ALS, and cancer-induced cachexia, lead to muscle wasting through different molecular signaling pathways. Nutritional interventions and physical exercise have been shown to be effective tools for counteracting muscle wasting in atrophic conditions.
Article
Immunology
Vitor R. Munoz, Rafael C. Gaspar, Matheus B. Severino, Ana P. A. Macedo, Fernando M. Simabuco, Eduardo R. Ropelle, Dennys E. Cintra, Adelino S. R. da Silva, Young-Bum Kim, Jose Rodrigo Pauli
Summary: Physical exercise can restore the levels of RhoA and ROCK2 proteins in the skeletal muscle of obese animals, increase phosphorylation of IRS1 and Akt proteins, and decrease levels of inhibitory regulators such as PTEN and PTP-1B. These findings suggest that exercise-induced upregulation of the RhoA-ROCK2 signaling pathway in skeletal muscle is associated with improved systemic insulin sensitivity in obese mice.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Neurosciences
Henry Querfurth, Han-Kyu Lee
Summary: mTOR is involved in regulating energy metabolism, neuronal growth, insulin signaling, and autophagy, playing both beneficial and pathogenic roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Balanced actions of mTOR complexes may have implications for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Frontotemporal dementia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Beyond rapamycin, rapalogs with improved tolerability and delivery modes hold promise in treating age-related conditions.
MOLECULAR NEURODEGENERATION
(2021)
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Milad Azad, Neda Khaledi, Mehdi Hedayati, Mohammadreza Karbalaie
Summary: The study revealed that the apoptotic response to exercise depends on the type and intensity of exercise, as well as the sensitivity and susceptibility of the muscle. Acute and chronic exercise can significantly affect apoptotic responses in different types of muscles.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Mohamed El-Tanani, Hamdi Nsairat, Alaa A. Aljabali, Angel Serrano-Aroca, Vijay Mishra, Yachana Mishra, Gowhar A. Naikoo, Walhan Alshaer, Murtaza M. Tambuwala
Summary: The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a signalling system, is necessary for various cell proliferation activities. It recognizes PI3KAKT stress signals as a serine-threonine kinase. The abnormal regulation of mTOR pathway has been proven to be crucial in cancer growth and advancement. This review primarily discusses the normal functions of mTOR as well as its abnormal roles in cancer development.
Review
Physiology
Paulo H. C. Mesquita, Christopher G. Vann, Stuart M. Phillips, James McKendry, Kaelin C. Young, Andreas N. Kavazis, Michael D. Roberts
Summary: Skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance and endurance training involve increased ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis, potentially competing with each other. The interference effect when both exercise modes are performed concurrently may be related to the interplay between AMPK and mTORC1 signaling cascades, and the high energy requirements of skeletal muscle.
FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Cell & Tissue Engineering
Ling Liu, Soochi Kim, Matthew T. Buckley, Jaime M. Reyes, Jengmin Kang, Lei Tian, Mingqiang Wang, Alexander Lieu, Michelle Mao, Cristina Rodriguez-Mateo, Heather D. Ishak, Mira Jeong, Joseph C. Wu, Margaret A. Goodell, Anne Brunet, Thomas A. Rando
Summary: Exercise can rejuvenate stem cells and improve tissue regeneration in aging animals. The cellular and molecular changes caused by exercise in various stem cell compartments have not been extensively studied. In this study, young and old mice were subjected to aerobic exercise and a comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic atlas of different stem cell types and their niche cells was generated. The study found that exercise ameliorated inflammatory pathways associated with old age and restored intercellular communication mediated by immune cells within these stem cell compartments. Exercise had a profound impact on the composition and transcriptomic landscape of circulating and tissue-resident immune cells.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Martina Baraldo, Leonardo Nogara, Georgia Ana Dumitras, Achille Homere Tchampda Dondjang, Alessia Geremia, Marco Scalabrin, Clara Turk, Frederik Telkamp, Lorena Zentilin, Mauro Giacca, Marcus Kruger, Bert Blaauw
Summary: Loss of Raptor diminishes muscle hypertrophy and force increase after Akt activation, indicating mTORC1 as the key mediator of Akt-dependent muscle growth regulating the mitochondrial proteome critical for enhancing muscle force.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Chiara Noviello, Kassandra Kobon, Lea Delivry, Thomas Guilbert, Florian Britto, Francis Julienne, Pascal Maire, Voahangy Randrianarison-Huetz, Athanassia Sotiropoulos
Summary: This study demonstrates that RhoA within myofibers plays a crucial role in promoting muscle hypertrophic growth and satellite cell accretion by regulating fusion between satellite cells and myofibers, as well as controlling the expression of extracellular matrix regulators and macrophage chemo-attractants.
Article
Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science
Nicolas Busse, Madison L. Gonzalez, Mackenzie L. Krason, Sally E. Johnson
Summary: Consumption of HMB increased the percentage of type IIA and IIA/X muscle fibers in the GM, but did not improve athletic performance in horses. Additionally, HMB supplementation did not have measurable effects on the biomechanical properties of the muscles in horses.
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Giuseppe Sirago, Anna Picca, Riccardo Calvani, Helio Jose Coelho-Junior, Emanuele Marzetti
Summary: This article provides an overview of mTOR signaling in skeletal muscle, with a specific focus on its role in the development of sarcopenia. Various intervention strategies targeting mTOR in sarcopenia are also discussed.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jujiao Kuang, Cian McGinley, Matthew J-C Lee, Nicholas J. Saner, Andrew Garnham, David J. Bishop
Summary: This study identified a major gap in previous research on molecular response to exercise, where the use of limited time-points within a short period post-exercise has led to an incomplete understanding of gene expression kinetics. The study also highlighted the importance of selecting appropriate muscle sampling timing, providing guidance for future research in exercise molecular biology.
Review
Sport Sciences
Emma N. Hilton, Tommy R. Lundberg
Summary: Male athletes generally have greater physical performance advantages over female athletes in sports, and these advantages are only slightly reduced in transgender women after testosterone suppression.
Article
Neurosciences
Vandre C. Figueiredo, Yuan Wen, Bjorn Alkner, Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo, Jessica Norrbom, Ivan J. Vechetti, Taylor Valentino, C. Brooks Mobley, Gabriel E. Zentner, Charlotte A. Peterson, John J. McCarthy, Kevin A. Murach, Ferdinand von Walden
Summary: The study reveals the genetic and rDNA gene-wide epigenetic regulation of ribosome biogenesis in response to exercise, highlighting the roles of rDNA dosage and CpG methylation in skeletal muscle. This indicates a genetic predisposition for hypertrophic responsiveness and preferential up-regulation of ribosome biogenesis with resistance exercise. The findings expand our understanding of the genetic and epigenetic factors involved in exercise-induced changes in ribosome biogenesis.
JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LONDON
(2021)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Ferdinand von Walden, Ivan J. Vechetti, Davis Englund, Vandre C. Figueiredo, Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo, Kevin Murach, Jessica Pingel, John J. Mccarthy, Per Stal, Eva Ponten
Summary: Mitochondrial biogenesis, mtDNA, and oxidative phosphorylation protein content are reduced in CP muscle compared with typically developing muscle. Transcriptional pathways shared between aging and long-term unloading suggests metabolic dysregulation in CP, which may guide therapeutic strategies for combatting CP muscle pathology.
DEVELOPMENTAL MEDICINE AND CHILD NEUROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Physiology
Ferdinand von Walden, Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo, Jessica Norrbom, Eric B. Emanuelsson, Vandre C. Figueiredo, Eva-Karin Gidlund, Lena Norrbrand, Chang Liu, Philip Sandstrom, Bjorn Hansson, Junxiang Wan, Pinchas Cohen, Bjorn Alkner
Summary: This study investigated the response of circulating levels of mitochondrial-derived peptides humanin and MOTS-c to acute resistance and endurance exercise for the first time. The results showed that acute endurance exercise stimulates MDP levels in plasma, while acute resistance exercise does not.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Erik Niklasson, Magnus Borga, Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard, Per Widholm, Daniel P. Andersson, Anna Wiik, Mats Holmberg, Torkel B. Brismar, Thomas Gustafsson, Tommy R. Lundberg
Summary: This study examined the relationship between MRI analysis and CT imaging in measuring muscle size and muscle fat infiltration in the anterior thigh. The results showed that both MRI and CT imaging can reliably quantify muscle size and MFI. This study supports the clinical use of both CT and MRI measures for evaluating muscle size and MFI.
BRITISH JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Geriatrics & Gerontology
Elisabeth Skoglund, Tommy R. Lundberg, Eric Rullman, Roger A. Fielding, Dylan R. Kirn, Davis A. Englund, Asa von Berens, Afsaneh Koochek, Tommy Cederholm, Hans E. Berg, Thomas Gustafsson
Summary: The study shows that a multicomponent physical activity program can result in significant improvements in physical function for older adults, with some changes in muscle size and quality of lower extremity muscles involved in locomotion. However, these changes are not directly associated with improvements in walking speed and Short Physical Performance Battery scores.
EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Sport Sciences
Jari Puustinen, Mika Venojarvi, Marko Haverinen, Tommy R. Lundberg
Summary: This study aimed to compare the effects of flywheel training and traditional resistance training on neuromuscular performance in elite ice hockey players. The results showed that there were no significant differences in performance improvements between the two training methods.
JOURNAL OF STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Sport Sciences
Mirko Mandic, Bjorn Hansson, Alen Lovric, Patrik Sundblad, Niels B. J. Vollaard, Tommy R. Lundberg, Thomas Gustafsson, Eric Rullman
Summary: This study found that sprint-interval training can significantly improve maximal oxygen uptake and lead to adaptations in central hemodynamic factors, including an increase in hemoglobin mass, blood volume, and cardiac output.
MEDICINE & SCIENCE IN SPORTS & EXERCISE
(2022)
Review
Sport Sciences
Moritz Schumann, Joshua F. Feuerbacher, Marvin Suenkeler, Nils Freitag, Bent R. Ronnestad, Kenji Doma, Tommy R. Lundberg
Summary: The study found that concurrent aerobic and strength training does not compromise muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development, but may attenuate explosive strength gains, especially when performed in the same session. These results appeared to be independent of the type of aerobic training, frequency of concurrent training, training status, and age.
Review
Sport Sciences
Tommy R. Lundberg, Joshua F. Feuerbacher, Marvin Suenkeler, Moritz Schumann
Summary: Concurrent aerobic and strength training may have a small negative effect on fiber hypertrophy compared with strength training alone. The interference effect may be more pronounced when aerobic training is performed by running compared with cycling, at least for type I fibers.
Article
Physiology
Elisabeth Skoglund, Per Stal, Tommy R. Lundberg, Thomas Gustafsson, Per A. Tesch, Lars -Eric Thornell
Summary: This study compared muscle morphology in three advanced aging cohorts, including a unique cohort of lifelong endurance athletes. The findings suggest that lifelong endurance training is associated with higher muscle oxidative capacity, even in individuals over the age of 80.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Anna-Maria Liphardt, Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo, Kirsten Albracht, Joern Rittweger, Laurence Vico
Summary: Based on the European Space Agency (ESA) Science in Space Environment (SciSpacE) community White Paper Human Physiology - Musculoskeletal system, this perspective highlights unmet needs and suggests new avenues for future studies in musculoskeletal research to enable crewed exploration missions. Data collection from current space missions would provide important information to understand musculoskeletal alterations during long-term spaceflight. Understanding the kinetics and molecular mechanisms of the musculoskeletal system is crucial for addressing potential musculoskeletal problems that future exploratory-mission crew will face. Technical advances in monitoring tools are necessary for providing in-flight real-time feedback.
Article
Physiology
Mats Lilja, Marcus Moberg, William Apro, Luis Manuel Martinez-Aranda, Hakan Rundqvist, Billy Langlet, Thomas Gustafsson, Tommy R. Lundberg
Summary: We investigated the effects of ibuprofen and low-dose aspirin on muscle hypertrophy in young adults undergoing resistance training. The study found that there were no significant differences in molecular markers, muscle fiber size, ribosome biogenesis, satellite cell content, myonuclear accretion, and angiogenesis between the two groups. However, the mRNA levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 were more downregulated in the low-dose aspirin group after acute exercise. These findings suggest that the previously reported deleterious effects of high doses of ibuprofen on muscle hypertrophy may not be explained by these established hypertrophy regulators.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Eric B. Emanuelsson, Bjorn Baselet, Mieke Neefs, Sarah Baatout, Brit Proesmans, Lisa Daenen, Carl Johan Sundberg, Helene Rundqvist, Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
Summary: This study determined the nature of immune cell changes in the murine skeletal muscle following hindlimb unloading combined with an acute session of irradiation. The findings show that 14 days of hindlimb unloading induces a significant increase of myeloid immune cell infiltration in skeletal muscle.
Letter
Sport Sciences
Emma N. Hilton, Tommy R. Lundberg
Review
Physiology
Minyu Zhang, Biyang Xiao, Xiaoqi Chen, Bingming Ou, Songtao Wang
Summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to bile acid and gut microbiota disorders. Exercise plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the enterohepatic circulation and the health of the host gut microbiota by regulating the composition and function of the bile acid pool in the enterohepatic axis. Exercise has been recommended as a first-line intervention for NAFLD, and regulating bile acids through exercise may be a promising treatment strategy.