Synergistic roles of leaf boron and calcium during the growing season in affecting sugar and starch accumulation in ripening apple fruit

Fruit sugar content is one of the most important flavor quality traits in the fresh market. Minerals, such as boron (B) and calcium (Ca), are associated with fruit sugar and starch accumulation in many plant species. To better understand the roles of B and Ca in affecting sugar and starch accumulation in apples, 2 g L-1 Na2B4O7 center dot 10H(2)O or 10 g L-1 CaCl2 was supplied by foliar spray to 20-year-old 'Fuji' (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) trees at four developmental stages (fruit set, onset of rapid fruit growth, rapid fruit growth and the end of rapid fruit growth), in 2010-2011. The most effective treatment significantly increasing soluble sugar and starch levels in ripening fruit was the foliar application of 2 g L-1 Na2B4O7 center dot 10H(2)O during rapid fruit growth, and the robustness of the effects was confirmed for two cultivars, 'Fuji' and 'Orin', at three orchards in 2011. Foliar applications of B during the onset of rapid fruit growth and rapid fruit growth, as well as the foliar application of Ca at fruit set, significantly increased the soluble sugar content in ripening fruit. In addition, the B application was effective in increasing the fruit starch content, but Ca was not. Both B and Ca treatments significantly increased the leaf concentrations of the other element at least transiently. However, B and Ca effects on fruit sugar/starch did not seem to depend on higher leaf B or Ca levels. In conclusion, B and Ca interact in enhancing fruit sugar and starch contents at the fruit ripening stage.