期刊
ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES
卷 6, 期 5, 页码 3282-3289出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/am405150c
关键词
lithium insertion/deinsertion mechanism; lithiation/delithiation LiFePO4; synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction; commercial cells
资金
- U.S. Navy [N00164-09-C-GS42]
- U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Science
- U.S. DOE [DE-AC02-98CH10886]
We have performed operando synchrotron high-energy X-ray diffraction (XRD) to obtain nonintrusive, real-time monitoring of the dynamic chemical and structural changes in commercial 18650 LiFePO4/C cells under realistic cycling conditions. The results indicate a nonequilibrium lithium insertion and extraction in the LiFePO4 cathode, with neither the LiFePO4 phase nor the FePO4 phase maintaining a static composition during lithium insertion/extraction. On the basis of our observations, we propose that the LiFePO4 cathode simultaneously experiences both a two-phase reaction mechanism and a dual-phase solid-solution reaction mechanism over the entire range of the flat voltage plateau, with this dual-phase solid-solution behavior being strongly dependent on charge/ discharge rates. The proposed dual-phase solid-solution mechanism may explain the remarkable rate capability of LiFePO4 in commercial cells.
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