Macrophages sensing oxidized DAMPs reprogram their metabolism to support redox homeostasis and inflammation through a TLR2-Syk-ceramide dependent mechanism

Objective: Macrophages control tissue homeostasis and inflammation by sensing and responding to environmental cues. However, the metabolic adaptation of macrophages to oxidative tissue damage and its translation into inflammatory mechanisms remains enigmatic. Methods: Here we identify the critical regulatory pathways that are induced by endogenous oxidation-derived DAMPs (oxidized phospholipids, OxPL) in vitro, leading to formation of a unique redox-regulatory metabolic phenotype (Mox), which is strikingly different from conventional classical or alternative macrophage activation. Results: Unexpectedly, metabolomic analyses demonstrated that Mox heavily rely on glucose metabolism and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to support GSH production and Nrf2-dependent antioxidant gene expression. While the metabolic adaptation of macrophages to OxPL involved transient suppression of aerobic glycolysis, it also led to upregulation of inflammatory gene expression. In contrast to classically activated (M1) macrophages, Hif1 alpha mediated expression of OxPL-induced Glut1 and VEGF but was dispensable for II1 beta expression. Mechanistically, we show that OxPL suppress mitochondrial respiration via TLR2-dependent ceramide production, redirecting TCA metabolites to GSH synthesis. Finally, we identify spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) as a critical downstream signaling mediator that translates OxPL-induced effects into ceramide production and inflammatory gene regulation. Conclusions: Together, these data demonstrate the metabolic and bioenergetic requirements that enable macrophages to translate tissue oxidation status into either antioxidant or inflammatory responses via sensing OxPL. Targeting dysregulated redox homeostasis in macrophages could therefore lead to novel therapies to treat chronic inflammation. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.