Review
Virology
Takehiko Saito, Saki Sakuma, Junki Mine, Yuko Uchida, Basav N. Hangalapura
Summary: Swine influenza is a significant respiratory disease in pigs and has the potential to infect humans. The management of swine influenza in Asia is inadequate, but strict control measures can reduce economic losses and the risk of vaccine strain variations. To effectively manage swine influenza in Asia, it is important to select appropriate vaccine antigens based on genetic and antigenic analyses of circulating viral strains.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Meito Shibuya, Shigeyuki Tamiya, Atsushi Kawai, Yasuo Yoshioka
Summary: The study examines the use of different vaccination routes for priming and boosting to achieve protection in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Results show that intranasal priming followed by subcutaneous boosting induces both virus-specific IgG in plasma and IgA in nasal washes, providing protection against virus challenge in both regions.
BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Virology
Atsushi Kawai, Yasuyuki Yamamoto, Takuto Nogimori, Kohei Takeshita, Takuya Yamamoto, Yasuo Yoshioka
Summary: The study demonstrates that intranasal immunization with NA provides broad cross-protection against both homologous and heterologous influenza viruses by inducing NA-specific IgA that recognizes a wider range of epitopes, indicating the potential of NA as an antigen for nasal vaccines to provide broad cross-protection.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Veronica Martini, Matthew Edmans, Simon Gubbins, Siddharth Jayaraman, Basudev Paudyal, Sophie Morgan, Adam McNee, Theo Morin, Pramila Rijal, Wilhelm Gerner, Andrew K. Sewell, Ryo Inoue, Mick Bailey, Timothy Connelley, Bryan Charleston, Alain Townsend, Peter Beverley, Elma Tchilian
Summary: This study investigates the distribution of porcine CD8 T cells in lymphoid and respiratory tissues after influenza infection or immunization. Different types of CD8 T cells were defined and analyzed. The expression of influenza-specific memory CD8 T cells varies in different tissues and declines to background levels after 63 days.
MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Mark B. Carascal, Rance Derrick N. Pavon, Windell L. Rivera
Summary: This review discusses the progress and advances in the development of recombinant influenza vaccines (RIVs) in the context of heterosubtypic immunity induction for universal vaccine production. Vaccination is considered the most effective strategy against the influenza virus, and RIVs have shown promising potential as universal vaccine candidates.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Yung-wai Chan, Miu-ling Wong, Fong-yuen Kwok, Albert Ka-Wing Au, Emily Chi-mei Leung, Shuk-kwan Chuang
Summary: The effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine (SIV) varies with the degree of matching with the vaccine and circulating viruses. SIV showed moderate effectiveness against medically-attended influenza-like illness (ILI) in both the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons, especially against cases caused by influenza A/B. However, the effectiveness of SIV against the main circulating subtype, influenza A (H1), was lower in the 2019/20 season compared to the 2018/19 season.
Article
Plant Sciences
Jeong-Hwan Hwang, Mi-Ra Oh, Ji-Hyun Hwang, Eun-Kyung Choi, Su-Jin Jung, Eun-Jung Song, Erica Espano, Richard J. Webby, Robert G. Webster, Jeong-Ki Kim, Soo-Wan Chae
Summary: The study found that oral intake of PAG did not significantly increase the seroprotection rate from an immunogenicity perspective, but it reduced the number of URI episodes. Further well-designed studies are needed to explore the effect of PAG on the antibody response against A/H3N2 in the future.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Qian Tang, Kai Huang, Junze Liu, Xiaoming Jin, Chunmei Li
Summary: This study investigated the distribution characteristics of bioaerosols in a pig house and the respiratory tract of pigs, finding higher concentrations of airborne culturable bacteria inside the pig house compared to outside, with no significant difference observed for culturable fungi and Escherichia coli. The 16S rRNA sequencing results showed high similarity between bacterial aerosols and bacteria in the piglets' respiratory tract, and identified potential pathogenic bacterial genera in both aerosols and the respiratory tract.
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Nagisa Tokunoh, Shigeyuki Tamiya, Masato Watanabe, Toru Okamoto, Jessica Anindita, Hiroki Tanaka, Chikako Ono, Toshiro Hirai, Hidetaka Akita, Yoshiharu Matsuura, Yasuo Yoshioka
Summary: The study suggests that a nasal vaccine containing inactivated whole-virion can be highly effective in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Infectious Diseases
Aung H. Aung, David C. Lye, Lin Cui, Chee K. Ooi, Angela L. P. Chow
Summary: The study found that influenza, rhinoviruses, and coronaviruses are common viral pathogens in the tropics, with influenza having biannual peaks while rhinoviruses and coronaviruses circulate year-round without distinct seasonal patterns. The CDC and WHO ILI case definitions showed moderate-to-high positive likelihood ratios for diagnosing influenza, regardless of the time of year, indicating they can be applied in the tropics effectively.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
David L. Rose, Katie L. Reagin, Kimberly E. Oliva, S. Mark Tompkins, Kimberly D. Klonowski
Summary: NK cells play a crucial role in the development of anti-influenza CD8(+) T cell memory, and their removal results in an increase in influenza-specific memory CD8(+) T cells. Protection in NK-deficient animals during primary influenza infection is attributed to rapid reactivation of lung tissue-resident (T-RM) memory cells. Additionally, the development of T-RM is independent of global and NK cell-derived IFN-gamma.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Berit Muller-Pebody, Mary A. Sinnathamby, Fiona Warburton, Graeme Rooney, Nick Andrews, Heather Whitaker, Katherine L. Henderson, Camille Tsang, Susan Hopkins, Richard G. Pebody
Summary: The introduction of the LAIV programme in England led to a reduction in respiratory infection prescription rates for children, with a significant negative association between vaccine uptake in 2-3-year-olds and antibiotic prescribing.
Article
Immunology
Eleni Vatzia, Elizabeth R. Allen, Tanuja Manjegowda, Susan Morris, Adam McNee, Veronica Martini, Reshma Kaliath, Marta Ulaszewska, Amy Boyd, Basudev Paudyal, Veronica B. Carr, Tiphany Chrun, Emmanuel Maze, Ronan MacLoughlin, Pauline M. van Diemen, Helen E. Everett, Teresa Lambe, Sarah C. Gilbert, Elma Tchilian
Summary: Aerosol delivery boosted local lung T-cell and antibody responses, while intramuscular immunization boosted peripheral blood immunity, providing insights into optimizing protective immune responses.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Virology
Quyen-Thi Nguyen, Young-Ki Choi
Summary: Traditional influenza vaccines are strain-specific and require annual reformulation, whereas a universal influenza vaccine is critical for long-term protection and potential pandemics. Different target antigens for UIVs have advantages and limitations in generating immune responses against divergent influenza viruses.
Article
Immunology
Susan Park Ochsner, Weizhong Li, Arunraj Mekhemadhom Rajendrakumar, Senthilkumar Palaniyandi, Gyanada Acharya, Xiaoyang Liu, Gefei Wang, Florian Krammer, Meiqing Shi, Wenbin Tuo, C. David Pauza, Xiaoping Zhu
Summary: The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to various airborne pathogens, and most vaccines designed for respiratory infections provide relatively minimal protection. A vaccination strategy that can induce protective mucosal immune responses in the airway is urgently needed.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Eduard O. Roos, Marie Bonnet-Di Placido, William N. Mwangi, Katy Moffat, Lindsay M. Fry, Ryan Waters, John A. Hammond
Summary: This optimized panel enables the identification of functionally distinct subsets of cattle B cells, which is crucial for understanding infection and vaccination responses.
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Eduard O. Roos, William N. Mwangi, Wilhelm Gerner, Ryan Waters, John A. Hammond
Summary: This multiplex staining panel allows differentiation of conventional and unconventional subsets of cattle T cells, as well as their differentiation and activation stages. It identifies naive, central memory, effector memory, terminal effector, and activated T cells in cattle. The panel was developed using cryopreserved cattle PBMCs and can be optimized for other bovid species.
Article
Immunology
Anna Schmidt, Basudev Paudyal, Sonia Villanueva-Hernandez, Adam Mcnee, Eleni Vatzia, Brigid Veronica Carr, Selma Schmidt, Amy Mccarron, Veronica Martini, Silke Schroedel, Christian Thirion, Ryan Waters, Francisco J. Salguero, Wilhelm Gerner, Matthias Tenbusch, Elma Tchilian
Summary: Mucosal delivery of adenoviral vectors expressing HA and NP proteins did not provide sufficient protection against heterologous H3N2 challenge in pigs, despite strong T-cell responses. Co-delivery of IL-1 beta increased lung pathology without affecting viral load. These findings suggest caution in extrapolating results from animal models to humans.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Tiphany Chrun, Emmanuel A. Maze, Kelly J. Roper, Eleni Vatzia, Basudev Paudyal, Adam McNee, Veronica Martini, Tanuja Manjegowda, Graham Freimanis, Adrian Silesian, Noemi Polo, Becky Clark, Emily Besell, Georges Booth, Brigid Veronica Carr, Matthew Edmans, Alejandro Nunez, Surapong Koonpaew, Nanchaya Wanasen, Simon P. P. Graham, Elma Tchilian
Summary: Porcine respiratory disease is commonly caused by co-infections of swine influenza A (swIAV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) viruses. However, the immune responses and pathogenesis of these co-infections have not been well studied. In this study, pigs were co-infected with swIAV H3N2 and PRRSV-2, and it was found that the clinical disease was not worsened and viral load was reduced in the co-infected animals. Additionally, the development of virus-specific adaptive immune responses was not impaired. These findings suggest that simultaneous swIAV H3N2/PRRSV-2 co-infection does not negatively affect host immune responses.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Eleni Vatzia, Katherine Feest, Adam McNee, Tanuja Manjegowda, B. Veronica Carr, Basudev Paudyal, Tiphany Chrun, Emmanuel A. A. Maze, Amy Mccarron, Susan Morris, Helen E. E. Everett, Ronan MacLoughlin, Francisco J. J. Salguero, Teresa Lambe, Sarah C. C. Gilbert, Elma Tchilian
Summary: The study found that immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus and modified vaccinia Ankara vaccines expressing conserved influenza virus proteins can provide enhanced immune responses against H3N2 influenza and reduce viral shedding and lung pathology. The results are significant for the development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine and will contribute to future vaccine and clinical trial design.
Article
Immunology
Kristel Ramirez Valdez, Benjamin Nzau, Daniel Dorey-Robinson, Michael Jarman, James Nyagwange, John C. Schwartz, Graham Freimanis, Angela W. Steyn, George M. Warimwe, Liam J. Morrison, William Mwangi, Bryan Charleston, Marie Bonnet-Di Placido, John A. Hammond
Summary: Studying the antibody response to infection or vaccination is crucial for developing more effective vaccines and treatments. The use of high-throughput antibody sequencing technologies and immunoinformatic tools now allows for fast and detailed analysis of antibody repertoires in any species. This article presents a suite of customizable methods for studying the cattle antibody response, including flow cytometry, single cell sorting, amplification, and sequencing. These methods, when combined with annotation tools, provide a powerful toolkit for studying antibody responses with high resolution and precision.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Garry Dolton, Cristina Rius, Aaron Wall, Barbara Szomolay, Valentina Bianchi, Sarah A. E. Galloway, Md Samiul Hasan, Theo Morin, Marine E. Caillaud, Hannah L. Thomas, Sarah Theaker, Li Rong Tan, Anna Fuller, Katie Topley, Mateusz Legut, Meriem Attaf, Jade R. Hopkins, Enas Behiry, Joanna Zabkiewicz, Caroline Alvares, Angharad Lloyd, Amber Rogers, Peter Henley, Christopher Fegan, Oliver Ottmann, Stephen Man, Michael D. Crowther, Marco Donia, Inge Marie Svane, David K. Cole, Paul E. Brown, Pierre Rizkallah, Andrew K. Sewell
Summary: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy can activate T cells of the immune system to target and eliminate solid cancers. Through the use of combinatorial peptide libraries and a proteomic database, the antigen specificities of persistent cancer-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) were identified after successful therapy for stage IV malignant melanoma. These TCRs were capable of targeting multiple tumor types through specific epitopes, and the atomic structures revealed the importance of a shared recognition motif. The ability of these multi-epitope targeting T cells to recognize cancer cells surpasses the recognition of individual epitopes, making them promising candidates for future immunotherapies.
Article
Immunology
Andrew Chancellor, Robert Alan Simmons, Rahul C. Khanolkar, Vladimir Nosi, Aisha Beshirova, Giuliano Berloffa, Rodrigo Colombo, Vijaykumar Karuppiah, Johanne M. Pentier, Vanessa Tubb, Hemza Ghadbane, Richard J. Suckling, Keith Page, Rory M. Crean, Alessandro Vacchini, Corinne De Gregorio, Verena Schaefer, Daniel Constantin, Thomas Gligoris, Angharad Lloyd, Miriam Hock, Velupillai Srikannathasan, Ross A. Robinson, Gurdyal S. Besra, Marc W. Van der Kamp, Lucia Mori, Raffaele Calogero, David K. Cole, Gennaro De Libero, Marco Lepore
Summary: Canonical MAIT TCRs with dual reactivity to microbial and self-antigens can recognize MR1 promiscuously, allowing MAIT cell responses in the absence of microbial infection. MAIT TCRs can also crossreact with self-antigens and perform T-helper-like functions in vitro. The promiscuity of MR1 recognition by a canonical MAIT TCR is associated with unique TCR β-chain features enriched in self-reactive MAIT cells of healthy individuals. These findings suggest a broader role of MAIT cells in immune homeostasis and diseases beyond microbial immunosurveillance.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Yuan Chen, Georgina H. Mason, D. Oliver Scourfield, Alexander Greenshields-Watson, Tracey A. Haigh, Andrew K. Sewell, Heather M. Long, Awen M. Gallimore, Pierre Rizkallah, Bruce J. MacLachlan, Andrew Godkin
Summary: CD4+ T cells recognize a diverse range of SARS-CoV-2 peptide epitopes, contributing to immune memory and limiting COVID-19 disease. The immunogenicity of these peptides does not correlate with their binding affinity to HLA-DR1. X-ray crystallographic structures of six epitopes bound to HLA-DR1 reveal the molecular impact of viral variant mutations on epitope presentation. Omicron variant escapes immune recognition through mutations in TCR-facing epitope positions and a single amino acid substitution that alters the peptide-HLA structure.
Article
Immunology
Blanca D. Lopez-Ayllon, Ana de Lucas-Rius, Laura Mendoza-Garcia, Transito Garcia-Garcia, Raul Fernandez-Rodriguez, Jose M. Suarez-Cardenas, Fatima Milhano Santos, Fernando Corrales, Natalia Redondo, Federica Pedrucci, Sara Zaldivar-Lopez, Angeles Jimenez-Marin, Juan J. Garrido, Maria Montoya
Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 encodes eleven accessory proteins in its genome, and their roles during infection are not fully understood. Transcriptomics analysis revealed that WNT5A and IL11 were significantly up-regulated in A549 cells expressing certain accessory proteins from SARS-CoV-2. Bioinformatics analysis and functional assays confirmed the involvement of WNT5A and IL11 in pulmonary fibrosis, and altered profibrotic gene expression was observed in lung cell lines infected with SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patients' lung biopsies. These findings suggest that targeting these accessory proteins could be a potential therapeutic approach against COVID-19.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Jessica Powell, Andrea Talenti, Andressa Fisch, Johanneke D. Hemmink, Edith Paxton, Philip Toye, Isabel Santos, Beatriz R. Ferreira, Tim K. Connelley, Liam J. Morrison, James G. D. Prendergast
Summary: This study generates over 150 libraries at base-pair resolution to investigate the dynamics of DNA methylation and chromatin accessibility of the bovine immune system. The research reveals extensive epigenetic divergence between different cattle breeds across immune cell types, which is related to the levels of DNA sequence divergence between sub-species. Additionally, distinct sub-categories of CpG islands based on their chromatin and methylation profiles are identified, discriminating between different transcriptional states.