Hydrodynamic electrospray ionization jetting of calcium alginate particles: effect of spray-mode, spraying distance and concentration

Hydrodynamic electrospray ionization jetting was applied for generating and characterizing calcium crosslinked alginate microparticles. These microparticles show different diameters and aspect ratios for three electrospray modes (dripping, conejet and multijet modes), four spraying distances (5, 10, 15 and 20 cm), and six spraying concentrations. Comparing the three different electrospray modes, we found that the conejet mode results in the smallest particle diameters, lowest aspect ratio and smallest variations over the parameter space mentioned above. For all spraying modes, the resultant particle diameters become independent of the spraying distance at a sprayed solute concentration >= 2.5%. The aspect ratio of microparticles varies significantly for different spraying modes and distances. An increasing aspect ratio of all spray modes was determined for sodium alginate spraying concentrations <= 1.5% and spraying distances of 20 cm; this phenomenon can be explained with the chain ejection effect. This systematic investigation offers a basic database for industrial applications of hydrodynamic electrospray ionization.