Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Long-Hao Yang, Jun Liu, Fei-Fei Ye, Ying-Ming Wang, Chris Nugent, Hui Wang, Luis Martinez
Summary: This study aims to design a novel rule-based system called Cumulative Belief Rule-Based System (CBRBS). By establishing efficient rule-base modeling and inference procedures, CBRBS achieves a balance of explainability, high-efficiency, and accuracy, overcoming the limitations of classical rule-based systems. Extensive experiments illustrate the features and advantages of CBRBS over other systems.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Subramaniam Jayanthi, Bruce Ladenheim, Patricia Sullivan, Michael T. McCoy, Irina N. Krasnova, David S. Goldstein, Jean Lud Cadet
Summary: Perturbations in striatal dopamine homeostasis may contribute to METH use disorder. Rats exposed to footshocks after long-term METH intake showed decreased intake when given a DA D1 receptor antagonist. Compulsive METH takers exhibited abnormal DA metabolism and decreased protein levels. These findings are consistent with studies on human METH users.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Waleed N. Qaddumi, Pedro A. Jose
Summary: This article discusses the importance of renal dopamine receptors in regulating blood pressure by inhibiting oxidative stress, as well as the ways in which they influence the pathogenesis of hypertension. Understanding how renal dopamine receptors regulate oxidative stress and their impact on the development of hypertension is crucial for advancing the understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension.
Article
Ophthalmology
Yong Woo Ji, Hyun Goo Kang, Jong Suk Song, Ji Won Jun, Kyusun Han, Tae-im Kim, Kyoung Yul Seo, Hyung Keun Lee
Summary: The study found an upregulation of dopamine receptors DR1 and DR2 in the lacrimal glands of mice induced with dry eye, with the inhibition of DR2 exacerbating inflammatory conditions.
INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Psychology, Multidisciplinary
Edgardo Etchezahar, Alicia Barreiro, Miguel Angel Albala Genol, Antonio Francisco Maldonado Rico
Summary: The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Social Justice Scale, composed of Representation, Recognition, and Redistribution dimensions. The main findings indicate that the scale has adequate psychometric properties and that both social dominance and belief in a just world may modulate levels of social justice.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(2022)
Article
History & Philosophy Of Science
Paolo Liberatore
Summary: Merging beliefs depends on the relative reliability of their sources. Assuming equal reliability without sufficient information is unwarranted. There are two existing forms of merging, one based on maxcons and the other based on disjunctive merging, which are motivated by two different cases where either all reliability profiles are considered or one completely reliable source is assumed.
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Xiaowei Gu, Plamen P. Angelov, Qiang Shen
Summary: In this article, a novel zero-order EFS model with a unique belief structure is proposed for data stream classification. The model can handle interclass overlaps and better capture the underlying structure of data streams through prototypes. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the model on various classification problems.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS
(2022)
Article
Clinical Neurology
Fernando Caravaggio, Alexander J. Barnett, Shinichiro Nakajima, Yusuke Iwata, Julia Kim, Carol Borlido, Wanna Mar, Philip Gerretsen, Gary Remington, Ariel Graff-Guerrero
Summary: This study investigated the effects of AMPT-induced dopamine depletion on resting-state functional connectivity of the basal ganglia and canonical resting-state networks in healthy individuals. The results showed reduced connectivity between the caudate and the medial prefrontal cortex, as well as decreased connectivity between several brain regions and the occipital cortex, while increased connectivity was observed between the dorsal caudate and the sensorimotor network. AMPT also significantly decreased self-reported motivation and increased fatigue. Moreover, greater fatigue was associated with reduced connectivity between the substantia nigra and the medial prefrontal cortex, and decreased motivation was correlated with decreased connectivity between the ventral tegmental area and the left sensorimotor cortex.
EUROPEAN NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Shicheng Yang, Ying Wen, Lianghua He, Mengchu Zhou, Abdullah Abusorrah
Summary: This work introduces a sparse individual low-rank component-based representation (SILR) method that effectively addresses the impact of undersampled training datasets and same intrasubject variations on classification performance by applying l(2)-norm constraint to intrasubject coefficients.
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Maria Villa, Maria Martinez-Vega, Aaron del Pozo, Itziar Muneta-Arrate, Ana Gomez-Soria, Carolina Muguruza, Maria de Hoz-Rivera, Angela Romero, Laura Silva, Luis F. Callado, Maria Jose Casarejos, Jose Martinez-Orgado
Summary: Newborn rats with neonatal stroke showed depressive-like symptoms and hyperactive behavior in the medium and long term, respectively, which were associated with alterations in the dopamine (DA) system.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Mathematical & Computational Biology
Louis Kang, Boyan Xu, Dmitriy Morozov
Summary: Persistent cohomology, a powerful technique for discovering topological structure in data, is still under development in neuroscience. Our study comprehensively evaluates its performance in simulated neural recordings, highlighting its ability to decode complex spatial structures and identify mixed cell populations.
FRONTIERS IN COMPUTATIONAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
John G. Mikhael, HyungGoo R. Kim, Naoshige Uchida, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: This study investigates the relationship between basal ganglia dopamine activity and reward prediction errors using reinforcement learning models. The researchers found that in certain conditions, dopamine activity ramps up even after learning. They also validated their model predictions through experiments on mice.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Mingan Li, Lin Zhou, Xiaohui Sun, Yunqi Yang, Ce Zhang, Tian Wang, Fenghua Fu
Summary: Dopamine is a crucial neurotransmitter that not only plays a role in maintaining physiological function and neurological diseases, but also acts as an immunomodulatory mediator. Immune cells express dopamine receptors, synthesize and secrete dopamine to regulate immune function. dopamine receptors agonists or antagonists can improve immune system dysfunction through various signaling pathways.
BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY
(2022)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Xiaoshu Zhou, Fei Zhu, Peiyao Zhao
Summary: This article introduces an algorithm called TAC, which predicts behavior consequences to improve exploration strategies in deep reinforcement learning. Considering the consequences of actions can enhance the performance of the agent.
CONNECTION SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Meghadeepa Adhikary, Arnaud Ralko, Brijesh Kumar
Summary: This study investigates a spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on a honeycomb lattice, revealing a quantum paramagnetic phase dominated by a spin-gapped hexagonal-singlet state. Under certain conditions, specific magnetization plateaus are observed, existing only within a bounded region inside the phase.
Article
Psychology, Biological
Momchil S. Tomov, Eric Schulz, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: The study shows that participants in complex environments tend to map previously learned strategies to new scenarios, with a strategy that combines successor features and generalized policy iteration predicting behavior best.
NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
(2021)
Article
Neurosciences
John G. Mikhael, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: The Bayesian model suggests that dopamine levels play a significant role in influencing the precision of stimulus encoding and contextual information during decision-making processes.
NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
John G. Mikhael, HyungGoo R. Kim, Naoshige Uchida, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: This study investigates the relationship between basal ganglia dopamine activity and reward prediction errors using reinforcement learning models. The researchers found that in certain conditions, dopamine activity ramps up even after learning. They also validated their model predictions through experiments on mice.
Article
Psychology
Marcel Binz, Samuel J. Gershman, Eric Schulz, Dominik Endres
Summary: This study proposes a novel computational model (BMI) that explains the discovery and selection of different heuristics, advancing our understanding of heuristic decision-making. The model provides predictions about when each heuristic should be applied and has been verified through empirical studies.
PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW
(2022)
Article
Neurosciences
Ryunosuke Amo, Sara Matias, Akihiro Yamanaka, Kenji F. Tanaka, Naoshige Uchida, Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida
Summary: The authors have discovered that dopamine signals gradually move from the time of reward to the time of cue, similar to the evaluation signals used in temporal difference learning. This finding bridges the gap between computational theories and the brain, and provides fundamental insights into how the brain associates cues and rewards that are separated in time.
NATURE NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Anthony M. Jakob, John G. Mikhael, Allison E. Hamilos, John A. Assad, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: The role of dopamine as a reward prediction error signal in reinforcement learning tasks has been well-established, and it also affects the speed of subjective time. According to the theory, the timing of dopamine relative to reward delivery determines whether subjective time speeds up or slows down. Reanalyzing measurements of dopaminergic neurons in mice performing a self-timed movement task, it was found that dopamine activity timing could predict changes in subjective time speed.
BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Psychology, Biological
Haoxue Fan, Samuel J. Gershman, Elizabeth A. Phelps
Summary: Trait somatic anxiety is associated with reduced tendency for exploration, manifested as a lesser likelihood for choosing uncertain options and reducing choice stochasticity. It is also associated with underestimation of relative uncertainty.
NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
(2023)
Review
Biology
Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: The widely accepted view of memory in the brain suggests that synapses store memory and memories are formed through modification of synapses. An alternative view proposes that molecules within the cell body store memory and memories are formed through biochemical operations on these molecules. This paper presents a computational model that integrates both views by considering synapses as storage sites for probability distribution parameters and intracellular molecules as storage sites for generative model parameters, offering a framework for learning and inference.
Article
Physics, Multidisciplinary
Daniel C. McNamee, Kimberly L. Stachenfeld, Matthew M. Botvinick, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: Medial entorhinal cortex neurons exhibit multiple periodically organized firing fields, forming an internal representation of space. This grid coding is not limited to this cortex region, but also present in other areas like the prefrontal cortex as a general principle. By applying dynamical systems theory, we showed how grid coding can generate diverse sequential reactivations of hippocampal place cells, corresponding to cognitive map traversals. We expanded this model to describe how multiple dynamical systems synthesis can support compositional cognitive computations.
Article
Neurosciences
Bilal A. Bari, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: The matching law explains how agents tend to match their choice ratios to the ratios of rewards they receive when faced with multiple options. However, perfect matching is rare, and agents often exhibit undermatching or bias choices towards the poorer option. Overmatching is seldom observed. This article proposes that agents not only aim to maximize rewards but also minimize cognitive cost, measured as policy complexity. The theory suggests that capacity-constrained agents can only undermatch or perfectly match, consistent with empirical evidence.
JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Johannes Bill, Samuel J. Gershman, Jan Drugowitsch
Summary: This article presents a theory of how the human brain infers motion relations in real time and offers a unified explanation for various perceptual phenomena. The proposed online hierarchical Bayesian inference provides a principled solution for this complex perceptual task and explains human percepts for different stimuli. It also makes testable predictions for future psychophysics experiments and motivates targeted neural network implementations.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Samuel B. Gershman, Tomer B. Ullman
Summary: Correlation does not imply causation, but people still tend to infer causality from correlational statements. In Study 1, participants interpreted statements of association to imply causality in one direction. In Studies 2 and 3, participants interpreted statements of increased risk to imply causality in the opposite direction. Therefore, even correlational language can give rise to causal inferences.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Natalia Velez, Alicia M. Chen, Taylor Burke, Fiery A. Cushman, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: Teaching allows humans to pass on culturally specific knowledge and skills, but little is known about the neural computations behind teachers' decision-making process. In this study, participants played the role of teachers while undergoing fMRI scans, selecting examples to teach learners how to answer abstract multiple-choice questions. The findings suggest that participants' example selections were guided by a model that maximizes learners' belief in the correct answer. Furthermore, brain regions involved in processing social information were found to track learners' confidence in the correct answer. These results provide insights into the computational and neural mechanisms underlying our remarkable teaching abilities.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
(2023)
Article
Biology
Anthony M. V. Jakob, Samuel J. Gershman
Summary: Rate-distortion theory offers a powerful framework for understanding human memory, while neural population coding models can implement this framework and reproduce key regularities of visual working memory.
Article
Psychology, Biological
Franziska Brandle, Lena J. Stocks, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Samuel J. Gershman, Eric Schulz
Summary: The authors demonstrate that in a creative environment, people's choices are influenced by the empowerment they bring. Previous studies portray individuals as stumbling upon good options by chance. However, they may not fully capture the complexity of exploration strategies exhibited by individuals in more intricate settings. In this study, the authors investigate the behavior of 29,493 players in the online game 'Little Alchemy 2'. They find that players are motivated not only by external rewards but also by an intrinsic desire to create objects that enable them to create even more. Additionally, players' drive for empowerment is absent when playing a game variant lacking recognizable semantics, indicating that individuals utilize their knowledge of the world and its possibilities to guide their exploration.
NATURE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
(2023)