Ultra-small (r<2 nm), stable (>1 year) copper oxide quantum dots with wide band gap

Practical use of quantum dots (QDs) will rely on processes that enable (i) monodispersity, (ii) scalability, (iii) green approaches to manufacturing them. We demonstrate, a green, rapid, soft chemical, and industrial viable approach for obtaining quasi-spherical, ultra small (size similar to 2.4 +/- 0.5 nm), stable (>1 yr), and monodispersed copper oxide QDs (r < 2 nm) based on digestive ripening (DR). These QDs show wide band gap (E-g similar to 5.3 eV), this substantial band gap increase is currently inexplicable using Brus' equation, and is likely due to surface chemistry of these strongly confined QDs. Capping with triethanolamine (TEA) results in reduction in the average particle diameter from 9 +/- 4 nm to 2.4 +/- 0.5 nm and an increase of zeta potential (xi) from +12 +/- 2 mV to +31 +/- 2 mV. XPS and electron diffraction studies indicate that capped copper oxide QDs which have TEA chemisorbed on its surface are expected to partly stabilize Cu (I) resulting in mixed phase in these QDs. This result is likely to inform efforts that involve achieving monodisperse microstructures and nano-structures, of oxides with a tendency for multivalency. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.