Visceral leishmaniasis from a non-endemic Himalayan region of Nepal

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic to the southern plains of Nepal. Here, we report the first case of VL from a non-endemic Himalayan region of Nepal. The patient presented with a history of high-grade fever, splenomegaly, and anemia but had not traveled to a VL-endemic region. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed following microscopic detection of the Leishmania species amastigote in a bone marrow aspirate, positive result for the rK39 test, and further validation by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The patient was treated with 5 mg/kg liposomal amphotericin B and was clinically improved upon discharge. Our result suggests that VL is expanding towards non-endemic regions of Nepal, and it should therefore be considered that VL surveillance systems be strengthened, particularly for non-program districts and VL be included as a differential diagnosis in febrile illnesses.