Pseudomonas aeruginosa MutL promotes large chromosomal deletions through non-homologous end joining to prevent bacteriophage predation

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with a relatively large genome, and has been shown to routinely lose genomic fragments during environmental selection. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that promote chromosomal deletion are still poorly understood. In a recent study, we showed that by deleting a large chromosomal fragment containing two closely situated genes, hmgA and galU, P. aeruginosa was able to form 'brown mutants', bacteriophage (phage) resistant mutants with a brown color phenotype. In this study, we show that the brown mutants occur at a frequency of 227 +/- 87 x 10(-8) and contain a deletion ranging from similar to 200 to similar to 620 kb. By screening P. aeruginosa transposon mutants, we identified mutL gene whose mutation constrained the emergence of phage-resistant brown mutants. Moreover, the P. aeruginosa MutL (PaMutL) nicking activity can result in DNA double strand break (DSB), which is then repaired by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), leading to chromosomal deletions. Thus, we reported a noncanonical function of PaMutL that promotes chromosomal deletions through NHEJ to prevent phage predation.