Serum cholecalciferol may be a better marker of vitamin D status than 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Vitamin D is produced in the skin upon sun-exposure or obtained through the diet. Vitamin D is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in the liver and to the active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D) in the kidneys. To exert its effect 1,25(OH)(2)D has to bind to the nuclear vitamin D receptor VDR. Lack of vitamin D leads to rickets in children and to osteomalacia in adults. 25(OH)D is used as a marker of a subject's vitamin D status. Low serum 25(OH)D levels are associated with a number of diseases, risk factors for disease and increased mortality. However, intervention studies with vitamin D have generally been disappointing. Many, if not most cells have the hydroxylases necessary for intra-cellular activation of vitamin D. It is likely that more vitamin D diffuses or are transported into the cells than 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)(2)D, and accordingly, most of the 1,25(OH)(2)D that bind to the VDR are derived from intra-cellular hydroxylation of vitamin D. Therefore, our hypothesis is that serum vitamin D is a better marker of a subject's vitamin D status than 25(OH)D. Since the half-life in serum for vitamin D is approximately one day, giving vitamin D weekly or monthly will result in short-lived serum vitamin D peaks with periods of vitamin D deficiency in between. On the other hand, serum 25(OH)D, which has a half-life of weeks, will show high and stable serum levels throughout. Important vitamin D effects may have been missed in studies with intermittent dosing, and vitamin D in intervention trials should be given daily. Likewise, in epidemiological studies and clinical practice 25(OH)D has uniformly been used as marker. This may lead to gross misclassification of individuals that do not have a stable influx of vitamin D from sun-exposure or diet. In epidemiological studies serum vitamin D should be measured as well as 25(OH)D, and in clinical practice a 25(OH)D measurement should be interpreted in view of recent sun-exposure and diet history.