Nafion-Modified MoOx as Effective Room-Temperature Hole Injection Layer for Stable, High-Performance Inverted Organic Solar Cells

We present a hole injection layer processed from solution at room temperature for inverted organic solar cells. Bis(2,4-pentanedionato) molybdenum(VI) dioxide (MoO2(acac)(2)) is used as the precursor for MoOx. Small amounts of Nafion in the precursor solution allow it to form continuous films with good wetting onto the active layers. The hydrolysis of MoO2(acac)(2) and the effects of adding Nafion to the precursor solution are studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The devices with solution-processed MoOx including Nafion exhibited comparable performance to the reference devices based on the commonly used hole injection layers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) or evaporated MoO3. Inverted poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester devices with Nafion-modified MoOx maintain 80% of their initial power conversion efficiency upon exposure to ambient air for similar to 5000 h, outperforming devices with PEDOT:PSS or with evaporated MoO3.