Article
Cell Biology
Nongthombam Boby, Alyssa Ransom, Barcley T. Pace, Kelsey M. Williams, Christopher Mabee, Arpita Das, Sudesh K. Srivastav, Edith Porter, Bapi Pahar
Summary: Increased production of TGF-beta was observed in intestinal CD3(-)CD20(-)CD68(+) cells from SIV-infected rhesus macaques, which negatively correlated with the frequency of jejunum CD4(+) T cells. Disruption of a negative feedback loop mediated by SMAD7 may enhance TGF-beta production and SMAD-dependent signaling in SIV infection.
Article
Virology
Saori Matsuoka, Takeo Kuwata, Hiroshi Ishii, Tsuyoshi Sekizuka, Makoto Kuroda, Masato Sano, Midori Okazaki, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Mikiko Shimizu, Shuzo Matsushita, Yohei Seki, Akatsuki Saito, Hiromi Sakawaki, Vanessa M. Hirsch, Tomoyuki Miura, Hirofumi Akari, Tetsuro Matano
Summary: This study found a potent antibody induction associated with germ line BCR/antibody Ig gene polymorphism in rhesus macaques infected with SIV. The results demonstrate that a single nucleotide polymorphism in germ line Ig genes could be a determinant for induction of potent antibodies against virus infection. Germ line BCR/antibody Ig gene polymorphisms may be a factor restricting effective antibody induction or responsiveness to vaccination.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Kevin S. White, Joshua A. Walker, John Wang, Patrick Autissier, Andrew D. Miller, Nadia N. Abuelezan, Rachel Burrack, Qingsheng Li, Woong-Ki Kim, Kenneth C. Williams
Summary: Despite effective antiretroviral therapy, comorbidities such as neurocognitive dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD) remain prevalent among people living with HIV. This study investigates the co-development of cardiac pathology and CNS pathology in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, demonstrating a strong correlation with activated myeloid cells. Similar observations were confirmed in HIV-infected individuals, highlighting the need for adjunctive therapies targeting macrophages.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Immunology
Dan Liu, Jiaojiao Liu, Tingting Xu, Hongwei Qiao, Yu Qi, Yuxun Gao, Ailixire, Lei Gao, Chunlin Li, Mingrui Xia, Hongjun Li
Summary: Using SIV-infected macaques as a model, this study found brain volume changes at 12 weeks post-infection in various brain regions. Despite early initiation of cART after SIV infection, brain atrophy in macaques was still observed, with signs of potential reversibility. Plasma viral load was associated with subcortical nucleus volume, while CD4(+) T-cell count and CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio in plasma were linked to widespread cortical volume changes.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Benjamin D. Varco-Merth, William Brantley, Alejandra Marenco, Derick D. Duell, Devin N. Fachko, Brian Richardson, Kathleen Busman-Sahay, Danica Shao, Walter Flores, Kathleen Engelman, Yoshinori Fukazawa, Scott W. Wong, Rebecca L. Skalsky, Jeremy Smedley, Michael K. Axthelm, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Jacob D. Estes, Paul T. Edlefsen, Louis J. Picker, Cheryl M. A. Cameron, Timothy J. Henrich, Afam A. Okoye
Summary: Inhibiting mTOR can decrease the proliferation of CD4(+)TM cells, but chronic mTOR inhibition alone or in combination with T cell activation is not sufficient to disrupt the stability of the SIV reservoir.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2022)
Article
Virology
Widade Ziani, Anya Bauer, Hong Lu, Xiaolei Wang, Xueling Wu, Katharine J. Bar, Hui Li, Dongfang Liu, George M. Shaw, Ronald S. Veazey, Huanbin Xu
Summary: The newly developed SHIV.C.CH848 can establish sustained viremia and viral reservoirs in rhesus macaques with clinical immunodeficiency consequences, providing a valuable SHIV model for HIV research. The findings suggest that this CCR5-tropic, SHIVC strain is valuable for testing responses to HIV vaccines and therapeutics in nonhuman primate models.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Anya Bauer, Emily Lindemuth, Francesco Elia Marino, Ryan F. Krause, Jaimy Joy, Steffen P. Docken, Suvadip Mallick, Kevin M. McCormick, Clinton J. Holt, Ivelin A. Georgiev, Barbara C. Felber, Brandon A. Keele, Ronald C. Veazey, Miles A. Davenport, Hui C. Li, George A. Shaw, Katharine C. Bar
Summary: This study reported the generation of a minimally adapted virus, SHIV.C.CH505.v2, which has enhanced replication fitness and preserved native Env properties. It can be used as a new reagent for nonhuman primate studies of HIV-1 transmission, pathogenesis, and cure.
Article
Immunology
Naofumi Takahashi, Amir Ardeshir, Gerard E. Holder, Yanhui Cai, Chie Sugimoto, Kazuyasu Mori, Mariluz Arainga, Ziyuan He, Yayoi Fukuyo, Woong-Ki Kim, Elizabeth S. Didier, Marcelo J. Kuroda
Summary: Increased monocyte turnover was found to have a stronger correlation and contribution to decreased survival time in SIV/SHIV-infected rhesus macaques compared to CD4(+) T-cell decline, plasma viral load, or virus strain. A monocyte turnover rate of 13.2% was identified as the initial significant threshold that best predicted decreased survival time.
Article
Behavioral Sciences
Julian B. Hattler, Derek L. Irons, Jiangtao Luo, Woong-Ki Kim
Summary: This study found that in the brain during SIV pathogenesis, there was an increase in the number of CCR5+ CD8 T cells and a downregulated CCR5 expression on infected PVMs, likely through ERK1/2-driven, clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR
(2023)
Article
Virology
Antonio Solis-Leal, Summer Siddiqui, Fei Wu, Mahesh Mohan, Wenhui Hu, Lara A. Doyle-Meyers, Jason P. Dufour, Binhua Ling
Summary: The basal ganglia in SIV-infected chRMs have a high frequency of SIV even on ART, indicating ongoing neuroinflammation. Plasma CCL2 may serve as a biomarker for neuroinflammation.
Article
Immunology
Nongthombam Boby, Xuewei Cao, Alyssa Ransom, Barcley T. Pace, Christopher Mabee, Monica N. Shroyer, Arpita Das, Peter J. Didier, Sudesh K. Srivastav, Edith Porter, Qiuying Sha, Bapi Pahar
Summary: Research has shown that under SIV infection, intestinal epithelial regeneration decreases, certain cell types increase, and differentially expressed genes in important pathways are downregulated. Despite the lack of significant reduction in stem cell population, dysregulation of intestinal stem cell niche factors, presence of inflammatory factors, and loss of epithelial barrier function, suggest that SIV infection impacts epithelial cell proliferation and intestinal homeostasis.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Carolina Garrido, Alan D. Curtis, Maria Dennis, Sachi H. Pathak, Hongmei Gao, David Montefiori, Mark Tomai, Christopher B. Fox, Pamela A. Kozlowski, Trevor Scobey, Jennifer E. Munt, Michael L. Mallory, Pooja T. Saha, Michael G. Hudgens, Lisa C. Lindesmith, Ralph S. Baric, Olubukola M. Abiona, Barney Graham, Kizzmekia S. Corbett, Darin Edwards, Andrea Carfi, Genevieve Fouda, Koen K. A. Van Rompay, Kristina De Paris, Sallie R. Permar
Summary: The study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of two SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in infant Rhesus macaques, showing that both vaccines were well-tolerated and highly immunogenic. The vaccines elicited high levels of antibodies and cellular immune responses that persisted up to week 22, indicating the potential for a pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with durable immunity.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Virology
Sanath Kumar Janaka, Brian J. Snow, Ryan T. Behrens, David T. Evans
Summary: Tetherin is a protein that prevents viruses from detaching from infected cells by physically tethering them to cellular membranes. SIV Nef downmodulates simian tetherin to overcome this restriction in nonhuman primate hosts. In addition to counteracting tetherin, SIV Nef has a number of other functions, including downmodulating other proteins from the cell surface. Researchers have engineered an infectious molecular clone of SIV with substitutions in Nef that separate tetherin antagonism from other Nef functions. This study demonstrates the importance of tetherin antagonism for optimal replication of SIV in primary CD4(+) T cells.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Veterinary Sciences
Taeho Kwon, Hong-Yi Xiang, Xiao-Ya Xing, Peng Jiang, Shuai-Yang Sun, Hu-Nan Sun, Ying-Hao Han
Summary: By analyzing SIV and SIVE encephalitis in infected M. mulatta hippocampus samples, we identified eight genes (MX1, B2M, IFIT1, TYMP, STAT1, IFI44, ISG15, and IFI27) that affect the negative regulation of biological processes, hepatitis C and Epstein-Barr viral infection, and the toll-like receptor signaling pathway, mediating the development of encephalitis after SIV infection. Particularly, STAT1 plays a central role in the process by regulating biopathological changes during the development of SIVE.
JOURNAL OF MEDICAL PRIMATOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Xuan He, Malika Aid, John D. Ventura, Erica Borducchi, Michelle Lifton, Jinyan Liu, Dan H. Barouch
Summary: This study shows that pyroptosis is the primary mechanism responsible for CD4 T cell depletion during early simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Other mechanisms may also contribute in a minor way to CD4 T cell depletion.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Article
Immunology
Jiasheng Shao, Rong Fan, Jianrong Hu, Tiejun Zhang, Catherine Lee, Xuyuan Huang, Fei Wang, Haiying Liang, Ye Jin, Ying Jiang, Yanhua Gu, Gang Huang
Summary: This study investigated the progression and clinical outcome of Omicron variant infection. The results showed that the majority of clinical symptoms of Omicron infection were not severe. Early and aggressive administration of Paxlovid can significantly reduce the PCR conversion time. Booster vaccination can also decrease the severity of the infection.
Article
Microbiology
Jiasheng Shao, Rong Fan, Chengnan Guo, Xuyuan Huang, Runsheng Guo, Fengdi Zhang, Jianrong Hu, Gang Huang, Liou Cao
Summary: This study assessed the effects of different interventions on severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients over a period of 60 days. The results showed that Azvudine and Paxlovid had a high probability of improving 2-month survival, while therapeutic anticoagulation and glucocorticoids had limited effectiveness. Additionally, Azvudine, Paxlovid, and therapeutic anticoagulation were found to significantly reduce disability.