Article
Thermodynamics
Xin Ran, Yunfan Huang, Moran Wang
Summary: This paper proposes a hybrid Monte Carlo-discrete ordinates method (MC-DOM) for predicting phonon transport in mesoscopic systems with complex interfaces. The method combines the computational efficiency of DOM in the bulk region with the flexibility of MC near complex interfaces. It has been shown that the hybrid method runs faster than the pure particle method and is applicable for high-precision temperature calculation. The method enriches numerical tools for mesoscopic phonon transport simulation and contributes to the understanding and optimization of heat transport in micro/nanosystems with complex geometries.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xin Ran, Moran Wang
Summary: This study focuses on in-plane phonon transport in double-layer, superlattice, and four-layer thin films using theoretical analyses and Monte Carlo simulations. Results show that the number of thin-film layers has little impact on heat flux distribution within each layer, while thickness ratios affect the minimum in-plane thermal conductivity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
S. Aria Hosseini, Alathea Davies, Ian Dickey, Neophytos Neophytou, P. Alex Greaney, Laura de Sousa Oliveira
Summary: We discovered a special arrangement of nanoscale pores in Si that can significantly reduce thermal conductivity accompanied by strong heat current fluctuations. Molecular dynamics simulations and Monte Carlo ray tracing models revealed that these special pore layouts can elastically backscatter long-wavelength heat-carrying phonons, resulting in a shorter mean-free-path for heat transport. This discovery offers a route for minimizing thermal conductivity with minimal structural impact and has potential applications in designing band-pass phonon filters.
MATERIALS TODAY PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Warren Nadvornick, Hsing-Yin Chang, Andrew Alvarado, Pablo Molina, Jaime Marian, Nasr Ghoniem
Summary: The study focuses on the morphological evolution and effective erosion rate of micro-architected tungsten foams under low-energy plasma ion bombardment. The model operates on multiple length scales, with the energy and angular dependence of sputtering yield of flat tungsten surfaces determined using the SRIM code based on the binary collision approximation. This information is then used to describe the redeposition of sputtered atoms based on X-ray tomography data.
JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS
(2021)
Review
Chemistry, Physical
Lin Qiu, Xiaohua Zhang, Zhixin Guo, Qingwen Li
Summary: The article discusses ways to improve thermal conductivity utilization of nanomaterials through interfacial structure design, resonance of low-frequency lattice vibrations, etc. It reviews four transport problems in the field and presents recent developments in thermal conductivity measurement.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zhe Cheng, Ruiyang Li, Xingxu Yan, Glenn Jernigan, Jingjing Shi, Michael E. Liao, Nicholas J. Hines, Chaitanya A. Gadre, Juan Carlos Idrobo, Eungkyu Lee, Karl D. Hobart, Mark S. Goorsky, Xiaoqing Pan, Tengfei Luo, Samuel Graham
Summary: Localized interfacial phonon modes have been observed at a high-quality epitaxial Si-Ge interface at around 12 THz, which significantly contribute to the total thermal boundary conductance. Through molecular dynamics simulations and experimental validation, the impact of these interfacial phonon modes on total thermal boundary conductance has been revealed.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Junjie Chen, Lingyu Meng
Summary: This study investigates thermally rectifying materials and graphene-based nanostructure thermal rectifiers for controlling heat flux. The results show that nanoscale systems can asymmetrically conduct heat, with a maximum rectification coefficient of about 70%.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Cheng Shao, Takuma Hori, Junichiro Shiomi
Summary: P-TRANS is a software that simulates phonon transport in arbitrary nanostructures using the Monte Carlo ray-tracing method. It achieves high performance by utilizing parallelization and can handle calculations on normal PCs within seconds. The software is useful for exploring various nanostructures and is applicable in structural optimization and high-throughput screening.
COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Michael P. Medlar, Edward C. Hensel
Summary: This article introduces an enhanced statistical phonon transport model (enhanced SPTM) that bridges the gap between Monte Carlo and direct atomic simulation methods. By applying this model to simulations of silicon nanowire devices, design-related information can be obtained.
JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wenlong Bao, Zhaoliang Wang, Dawei Tang
Summary: The study focused on investigating the interfacial thermal transport between GaN and AlN, revealing a higher thermal conductivity compared to other interfaces. Structural similarity and interfacial phonon modes were employed to uncover the heat transfer mechanism, along with calculations of temperature and wave-resolved spectral heat flux. This research contributes to an effective understanding and improvement of thermal management in GaN-based devices.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
N. D. Le, B. Davier, N. Izitounene, P. Dollfus, J. Saint-Martin
Summary: A Full Band Monte Carlo simulator has been developed to study phonon transmission across interfaces and determine thermal conductivity at thermal interfaces. This simulator can consider all phonon transport regimes and provides new insights into out-of-equilibrium phonon transport near the interfaces.
JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL ELECTRONICS
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Andrey S. Mishchenko, Igor S. Tupitsyn, Naoto Nagaosa, Nikolay Prokof'ev
Summary: The study demonstrates that strong electron-phonon interaction is masked by Fermi blockade effects and Migdal's theorem at high carrier densities, leading to a moderate manifestation. This is consistent with experimental observations in doped high temperature superconductors.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yang Shen, Hong-Ao Yang, Bing -Yang Cao
Summary: Accurate thermal simulation is crucial for near-junction thermal management and electro-thermal co-design of GaN HEMTs. This study compares the performance and reliability of three commonly-used methods for simulating near-junction phonon transport in GaN. The importance of directly incorporating first-principles-calculated phonon properties into device thermal simulations is highlighted.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Physics, Applied
Qinxin Zhu, Jesse Maassen
Summary: The McKelvey-Shockley (McK-S) flux method, a semi-classical transport theory, introduces a revised formulation that resolves energy dependence, considers the effect of electric field, and includes acoustic/optical phonon scattering. Validated against the Boltzmann transport equation, the updated McK-S formalism displays good agreement and is well suited for complex systems that span multiple length scales due to its physical intuition and computational efficiency.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Anish Muthukunnil Joseph, Bing-Yang Cao
Summary: In this paper, a novel Monte Carlo scheme that combines phonon and electron transport to address electron-phonon interaction (EPI) is developed. The method is applied to the thermal transport simulation of wurtzite Gallium Nitride (GaN) and it is found that the lattice thermal conductivity is reduced by 16%-22% when considering EPI for samples of different thicknesses.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Tong Liu, Moran Wang
Summary: Digital rock analysis provides a powerful tool for predicting geophysical properties and studying fluid and interfacial transport mechanisms in rocks, but there is a struggle to balance scanning resolution and sample size due to imaging technology limitations. The critical size of REV for multiphase flow in porous media is found beyond twice that for single-phase flow in this study, indicating the influence of phase interaction and wettability on relative permeability-saturation curve in multiphase flow.
TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Yong Hu, Jiong Wei, Tao Li, Weiwei Zhu, Wenbo Gong, Dong Hui, Moran Wang
Summary: This study quantitatively characterizes and simulates single-phase and multiphase flows with multiscale pore-vug-fracture structures in carbonate rocks, revealing the complex fluid flow patterns. The presence of pores, vugs, and fractures significantly affects the fluid flow path and pressure distribution in the core.
Article
Engineering, Geological
Weiwei Zhu, Gang Lei, Xupeng He, Yafan Yang, Ryan Kurniawan Santoso, Moran Wang
Summary: This study investigates the fluid flow in underground fractures by examining their three-dimensional structure and two-dimensional cross-section maps. 3D fracture networks with different geometries are constructed, and their connectivity is analyzed using labeled clusters on cross-section maps. The study reveals that clustering effects have a significant impact on local intersections, but negligible effects on fracture intensities of 3D fracture networks. Empirical limits are provided to predict the fracture intensity and connectivity based on outcrop maps.
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Bin Liu, Vladimir Khvesyuk, Alexander A. Barinov, Moran Wang
Summary: Interfacial roughness plays an important role in nanoscale thermal transport, but existing theoretical descriptions are lacking due to the difficulty in quantifying phonon scattering at disordered interfaces. This study proposes an elastic wave model that describes phonon-interface interaction using interface elasticity. The model can quantitatively estimate the effect of roughness on thermal boundary conductance and provide a transmission image of wave-like phonons at the interface.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xin Ran, Moran Wang
Summary: A steady-state Monte Carlo scheme for phonon transport based on the energy-based deviational phonon Boltzmann transport equation has been developed. This method determines the paths of energy packets through statistical scattering probability and is capable of handling systems with arbitrary temperature differences. It has been verified and shown to improve computational efficiency compared to transient algorithms for steady phonon transport.
JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Wenhai Lei, Qiangqiang Li, Hai-En Yang, Tian-Jiang Wu, Jiong Wei, Moran Wang
Summary: This study proposes a new mechanism of preferential flow control in heterogeneous porous media by manipulating the concentration of microgel particle suspension, which is supported by microfluidic experiments and pore-scale simulations. By controlling the injection concentration, different transport modes can be identified, and the optimal synchronous displacement is achieved at an intermediate injection concentration. However, weak concentration manipulation at low injection concentrations and frequent alternation of preferential flow pathways at high injection concentrations can lead to entrapment of oleic ganglia. These findings deepen the understanding of microgel particle suspension dynamics in heterogeneous porous media and have implications for applications such as enhanced oil recovery and CO2 sequestration.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Yuankai Yang, Xudong Zhang, Zhiguo Tian, Guido Deissmann, Dirk Bosbach, Peng Liang, Moran Wang
Summary: Understanding the thermal effects on ion transport in porous media is crucial for environmental applications. This study investigates the thermodiffusion of cations in nanoporous silica and shows that the temperature-induced polarization of surface charges significantly influences ionic transport. The findings suggest that the electric field in nanopores changes with temperature gradients, affecting the motion of ions in nanoconfined spaces. This research improves the understanding of ion transport in nanoporous media and has the potential to advance the development of diffusional metamaterials induced by specific thermal fields.
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Mechanics
Wenhai Lei, Xukang Lu, Fanli Liu, Moran Wang
Summary: This study reports the non-monotonic wettability effects on displacement efficiency in porous structures. Experiments show that there exists a critical wettability in porous matrix structures with preferential flow pathways to achieve the highest displacement efficiency. The distribution of phases in porous structures also varies under different wettability conditions. Pore-scale mechanisms are identified to explain the formation of this non-monotonic wettability rule.
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Bin Liu, Yangyu Guo, Vladimir I. Khvesyuk, Alexander A. Barinov, Moran Wang
Summary: This theoretical investigation explores coherent-to-incoherent heat conduction in multilayer nanostructures, demonstrating that in the coherent regime, accurate predictions can be made using the elastic continuum model. The study shows that as temperature or system size increases, phonon dephasing scattering results in deviation from coherent-limit calculation, and by introducing phonon incoherence, classical minimum thermal conductivity can be reproduced, extending the pure wave model into the wave-particle crossing regime.
Article
Mechanics
Fanli Liu, Moran Wang
Summary: The preference of two-phase displacements was studied systematically through theoretical derivations and numerical simulations using a non-uniform pore doublet model. All major impact factors were taken into consideration to obtain a complete phase diagram for preferential flow. The results validate the simple treatment for dual-permeability media and extend the phase diagram's applicability to disordered permeable media in general, contributing to the understanding and manipulation of preferential flow in heterogeneous permeable media.
JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Weiwei Zhu, Xupeng He, Yiteng Li, Gang Lei, Ryan Santoso, Moran Wang
Summary: This study uses a stochastic discrete fracture network method to simulate fractures in subsurface formations and conducts a sensitivity analysis. The results show that critically stressed fractures form the backbone of the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), while partially open fractures can significantly enlarge the size of SRV. Fracture roughness is the most influential factor for the total length of critically stressed fractures, and the probability of open fractures is the most significant factor for the relative increase of SRV.
JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Wenhai Lei, Xukang Lu, Moran Wang
Summary: Micro/nanoparticle suspensions can adjust multiphase displacement in porous media, which has wide applications in various scientific and industrial contexts. Direct observation of suspension flow dynamics and corresponding multiphase patterns is challenging due to the opaque realistic porous media. However, microfluidic experiments provide alternative methods to observe suspension influence on interface and multiphase flow behaviors at high resolutions, improving understanding and optimization of displacement mechanisms.
ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xin Ran, Yunfan Huang, Moran Wang
Summary: This paper proposes a hybrid Monte Carlo-discrete ordinates method (MC-DOM) for predicting phonon transport in mesoscopic systems with complex interfaces. The method combines the computational efficiency of DOM in the bulk region with the flexibility of MC near complex interfaces. It has been shown that the hybrid method runs faster than the pure particle method and is applicable for high-precision temperature calculation. The method enriches numerical tools for mesoscopic phonon transport simulation and contributes to the understanding and optimization of heat transport in micro/nanosystems with complex geometries.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wuli Miao, Moran Wang
Summary: This study investigates thermal transport in metal/semiconductor multilayer films using the coupled electron and phonon Boltzmann transport equations combined with the phonon diffuse mismatch model. The importance of electron-phonon coupling transport and the critical thickness of the metal layer for considering this transport are demonstrated. The research findings provide insight into the manipulation of thermal conductivity in multilayers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Amer Alizadeh, Yunfan Huang, Fanli Liu, Hirofumi Daiguji, Moran Wang
Summary: Surface charging plays a crucial role in the stability of immiscible liquid-liquid interfaces, surfactant adsorption, drug delivery, and mineral flotation. This study presents an alternative experimental method using a streaming potential setup. A Y-Y shaped microchannel with a polymer-coated inner wall was employed to establish a flat and stable liquid-liquid interface. The method was successfully verified by investigating the charging of aqueous solution-silicon surface. The proposed method offers simplicity and flexibility for studying liquid-liquid interface charging mechanisms and inspiring quantitative macroscopic interfacial modeling.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mahsa Taghavi, Swapnil Sharma, Vemuri Balakotaiah
Summary: This study investigates the natural convection effects in the insulation layers of spherical storage tanks and their impact on the tanks' performance. The permeability and Rayleigh number of the insulation material are considered as key factors. The results show that as the Rayleigh number increases, new convective cells emerge and cause the cold boundary to approach the external hot boundary. In the case of large temperature differences, multiple solutions may coexist.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinyang Xu, Fangjun Hong, Chaoyang Zhang
Summary: This study introduces a self-induced jet impingement device for enhancing pool boiling performance in high power electronic cooling. Through visualization and parametric investigations, the effects of this device on pool boiling performance are studied, revealing the promotion of additional liquid supply and vapor exhausting. The flow rate of the liquid jet is found to positively impact boiling performance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Wenchao Ke, Yuan Liu, Fissha Biruke Teshome, Zhi Zeng
Summary: Underwater wet laser welding (UWLW) is a promising and labor-saving repair technique. A thermal multi-phase flow model was developed to study the heat transfer, fluid dynamics, and phase transitions during UWLW. The results show that UWLW creates a water keyhole, making the welding environment similar to in air laser welding.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xingrong Lian, Lin Tian, Zengyao Li, Xinpeng Zhao
Summary: This study investigates the heat transfer mechanisms in natural fiber-derived porous structures and finds that thermal radiation has a significant impact on the thermal conductivity in low-density regions, while natural convection rarely occurs. Insulation materials derived from micron-sized natural fibers can achieve minimum thermal conductivity at specific densities. Strategies to lower the thermal conductivity include increasing porosity and incorporating nanoscale pores using nanosize fibers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Yasir A. Malik, Kilian Koebschall, Stephan Bansmer, Cameron Tropea, Jeanette Hussong, Philippe Villedieu
Summary: Ice crystal icing is a significant hazard in aviation, and accurate modeling of sticking efficiency is essential. In this study, icing wind tunnel experiments were conducted to quantify the volumetric liquid water fraction, sticking efficiency, and maximum thickness of ice layers. Two measurement techniques, calorimetry and capacitive measurements, were used to measure the liquid water content and distribution in the ice layers. The experiments showed that increasing wet bulb temperatures and substrate heat flux significantly increased sticking efficiency and maximum ice layer thickness.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinqi Hu, Tongtong Geng, Kun Wang, Yuanhong Fan, Chunhua Min, Hsien Chin Su
Summary: This study experimentally examined the heat dissipation of vibrating fans and demonstrated its inherent mechanism through numerical simulation. The results showed that the flow fields induced by the vibrating blades exhibited pulsating features and formed large-scale and small-scale vortical structures, significantly improving heat dissipation. The study also identified the impacts of different blade structures and developed a trapezoidal-folding blade, which effectively reduced the maximum temperature of the heat source and alleviated high-temperature failure crisis.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Dan-Dan Su, Xiao-Bin Li, Hong-Na Zhang, Feng-Chen Li
Summary: The boiling heat transfer of low-boiling-point working fluid is a common heat dissipation technology in electronic equipment cooling. This study analyzed the interfacial boiling behavior of R134a under different conditions and found that factors such as the initial thickness of the liquid film, solid-liquid interaction force, and initial temperature significantly affect the boiling mode and thermal resistance.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinyi Wu, Dongke Sun, Wei Chen, Zhenhua Chai
Summary: A unified lattice Boltzmann-phase field scheme is proposed to simulate dendrite growth of binary alloys in the presence of melt convection. The effects of various factors on the growth are investigated numerically, and the model is validated through comparisons and examinations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shaokun Ge, Ya Ni, Fubao Zhou, Wangzhaonan Shen, Jia Li, Fengqi Guo, Bobo Shi
Summary: This study investigated the temperature distribution of main cables in a suspension bridge during fire scenarios and proposed a prediction model for the maximum temperature of cables in different lane fires. The results showed that vehicle fires in the emergency lane posed a greater thermal threat to the cables.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Shuang-Ying Wu, Shi-Yao Zhou, Lan Xiao, Jia Luo
Summary: This paper investigates the two-phase flow and heat transfer characteristics of low-velocity jet impacting on a cylindrical surface. The study reveals that the heat transfer regimes are non-phase transition and nucleate boiling with the increase of heat transfer rate. The effects of jet impact height and outlet velocity on local surface temperatures are pronounced at the non-phase transition stage. The growth rates of heat transfer rate and liquid loss rate increase significantly from the non-phase transition to nucleate boiling stage.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Emad Hasani Malekshah, Wlodzimierz Wlodzimierz, Miros law Majkut
Summary: Cavitation has significant practical importance and can be controlled by air injection. This study investigates the natural to ventilated cavitation process around a hydrofoil through numerical and experimental methods. The results show that the location and rate of air injection have a meaningful impact on the characteristics of cavitation.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Feriel Yahiat, Pascale Bouvier, Antoine Beauvillier, Serge Russeil, Christophe Andre, Daniel Bougeard
Summary: This study explores the enhancement of mixing performance in laminar flow equipment by investigating the generation of chaotic advection using wall deformations in annular geometries. The findings demonstrate that the combined geometry can achieve perfect mixing at various Reynolds numbers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Hui He, Ning Lyu, Caihua Liang, Feng Wang, Xiaosong Zhang
Summary: This study investigates the condensation, frosting, and defrosting processes on superhydrophobic surfaces with millimeter-scale structures. The results reveal that the structures can influence the growth and removal of frost crystals, with the bottom grooves creating a frost-free zone and conical edges promoting higher frost crystal heights. Two effective methods for defrosting are observed: hand-lifting the groove and airfoil retraction contraction on protruding structures. This research provides valuable insights into frost formation and defrosting on millimeter-structured superhydrophobic surfaces, with potential applications in anti-frost engineering.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Thiwanka Arepolage, Christophe Verdy, Thibaut Sylvestre, Aymeric Leray, Sebastien Euphrasie
Summary: This study developed two thermal concentrators, one with a 2D design of uniform thickness and another with a 3D design, using the coordinate transformation technique and metamaterials. By structuring the thermal conductor, the desired local density-heat capacity product and anisotropic thermal conductivities were achieved. The homogenized thermal conductivities were obtained from finite element simulations and cylindrical symmetry consideration. A 3D concentrator was fabricated using 3D metal printing and characterized using a thermal camera. Compared to devices that solely consider anisotropic conductivities, the time evolution characteristics of the metadevice designed with coordinate transformation were closer to those of an ideal concentrator.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
Article
Thermodynamics
Liangyuan Cheng, Qingyang Wang, Jinliang Xu
Summary: In this study, we investigated the supercritical heat transfer of CO2 in a horizontal tube with a diameter of 10.0 mm, covering a wide range of pressures, mass fluxes, and heat fluxes. The study revealed a non-monotonic increase in wall temperatures along the flow direction and observed both positive and negative wall temperature differences between the bottom and top tube. The findings were explained by the thermal conduction in the solid wall interacting with the stratified-wavy flow in the tube.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
(2024)
