Review
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Xiaodong Zhang, Xiaokai Chen, Yanli Zhao
Summary: Artificial nanosystems have the ability to modulate immune responses and can be used in vaccine development and treatment of bacterial infections and diseases. This review discusses the recent advances of nanosystems in vaccine development and immune activation, as well as the application of immune-suppressive nanosystems.
ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS
(2022)
Review
Immunology
Ioannis Kienes, Ella L. Johnston, Natalie J. Bitto, Maria Kaparakis-Liaskos, Thomas A. Kufer
Summary: This article summarizes the subversion strategies used by bacterial pathogens to evade host immune detection, focusing on the well-studied NLRs NOD1/2, NLRP3, and NLRC4. The authors discuss how bacterial pathogens activate these NLRs to promote inflammation and disease, as well as mechanisms used by bacteria to attenuate NLR activation and interfere with host immunity. They also highlight the role of NLRs in facilitating immunotolerance and persistence of bacteria in the host, and the therapeutic potential of harnessing bacterial immune subversion strategies for chronic inflammatory conditions.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Svetlana V. V. Guryanova, Anastasiya Kataeva
Summary: Stimulation of innate immunity can enhance cellular immune response through epigenetic changes in innate immune memory. Immunological memory can either accelerate/intensify inflammation or maintain tolerance to repeated stimulus. Understanding the mechanism of tolerance is crucial for preventing and treating inflammatory diseases.
Review
Microbiology
Sidney Lane, Yasmin Hilliam, Jennifer M. Bomberger
Summary: Viral-bacterial coinfections of the respiratory tract have been observed to worsen disease outcomes. Research indicates that the interactions between infecting pathogens, microbiome, and host immune response play a role in driving these infections, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent studies have shown that the gut plays a significant role in mediating respiratory outcomes through the gut-lung axis. It has been found that acute respiratory viruses can modulate this axis, suggesting that dysregulation of gut-lung cross talk may contribute to respiratory coinfection.
JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Fisheries
Haiying Liang, Rongcheng Liang, Huijuan Wang, Xiaolin Zhang, Xiaojun Yan, Wang Shen
Summary: This study identified LCapelin in Larimichthys crocea and demonstrated its important role in host defense against bacterial infections. The results suggest that LCapelin may have potential application in developing new strategies to combat infectious diseases in teleosts.
Review
Immunology
Diana Ivonne Duarte-Mata, Mario Cesar Salinas-Carmona
Summary: Intracellular bacteria cause difficult-to-resolve infections, and standard therapy antibiotics are often ineffective due to poor cellular uptake. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) show promise as a therapeutic approach because of their bactericidal properties and ability to modulate immune responses. This review focuses on AMPs used to treat intracellular bacterial infections and their impact on immune mechanisms.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Cell Biology
Ruiying Niu, Qiuli Yang, Yingjie Dong, Yueru Hou, Guangwei Liu
Summary: This article introduces the regulatory role of selenium metabolism in immune cells and immune-associated diseases.
JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Sara Danielli, Zhongming Ma, Eirini Pantazi, Amrendra Kumar, Benjamin Demarco, Fabian A. Fischer, Usha Paudel, Jillian Weissenrieder, Robert J. Lee, Sebastian Joyce, J. Kevin Foskett, Jelena S. Bezbradica
Summary: CALHM6, a membrane ion channel, promotes cell-cell crosstalk at neuronal synapses via ATP release and is highly expressed in immune cells. It has been linked to NK cell anti-tumor activity, but its mechanism of action and broader functions in the immune system remain unclear.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Avigail Stokar-Avihail, Taya Fedorenko, Jens Hor, Jeremy Garb, Azita Leavitt, Adi Millman, Gabriela Shulman, Nicole Wojtania, Sarah Melamed, Gil Amitai, Rotem Sorek
Summary: In recent years, various defense systems against phages have been found in bacteria. However, the mechanism of how these systems sense phage infection remains unknown. To address this question, the researchers isolated 177 phage mutants that can evade 15 different defense systems. These mutants were found to have mutations in the gene sensed by the defense system, providing insights into the determinants of phage sensitivity. The study identifies specific determinants of different retron systems and reveals phage-encoded triggers for abortive infection systems, shedding light on how bacterial immune systems sense phage invaders.
Review
Immunology
Wanhai Qin, Brendon P. Scicluna, Tom van der Poll
Summary: DNA methylation plays a key role in the immune response to bacteria by regulating gene expression. Despite being traditionally considered a stable modification, accumulating evidence suggests that DNA methylation patterns can change rapidly in response to different environments and pathogens. Proteins regulating DNA methylation, such as DNA methyltransferases and ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases, may also be modulated by bacteria during infection.
FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Review
Microbiology
Jin Yuan, Qiuyu Zhang, Shihua Chen, Min Yan, Lei Yue
Summary: LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a noncanonical autophagy process that plays an important role in host defense against bacterial infection. This review summarizes the mechanism of LAP in resistance to bacterial infection and the strategies bacteria use to evade LAP.
Review
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Asmat Ali, Abdul Waris, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, Muhammad Asim, Atta Ullah Khan, Sahrish Khan, Jehan Zeb
Summary: Emerging and re-emerging bacterial infections pose a serious threat to human and animal health, especially those caused by intracellular bacteria. Current treatment methods involve narrow-spectrum antibiotics, but FDA-approved vaccines for obligate intracellular bacterial infections are lacking. However, various types of vaccines are currently being tested in clinical trials, including live, attenuated, subunit, killed whole cell, nano-based, and DNA vaccines.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Pakpoom Boonchuen, Phattarunda Jaree, Kulwadee Somboonviwat, Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
Summary: MicroRNAs play a crucial role in regulating gene expression and biological processes. In response to acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND), shrimp hemocytes miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed, with some targeting genes involved in immune pathways. Among these miRNAs, lva-miR-4850 was identified as suppressing the expression of important genes in the proPO system, which is activated in shrimp to fight against VPAHPND infection.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Megan M. Sperry, Richard Novak, Vishal Keshari, Alexandre L. M. Dinis, Mark J. Cartwright, Diogo M. Camacho, Jean-Francois Pare, Michael Super, Michael Levin, Donald E. Ingber
Summary: Current therapeutic strategies against bacterial infections mainly rely on antibiotics to reduce pathogen load. However, stimulating host tolerance to infection in the presence of pathogens may provide an alternative approach. By using computational transcriptomics and Xenopus laevis embryos, researchers have discovered infection response pathways and identified potential drugs that can induce broad tolerance. Xenopus exhibits natural tolerance to certain bacteria, while others cause lethal infections. Gene pathways associated with active tolerance in Xenopus are found to be conserved across species. Administering certain drugs to Xenopus embryos infected with lethal bacteria increases survival rates.
Article
Fisheries
Zhanwei Zhang, Xiaolu Guan, Li Sun
Summary: In this study, a novel miRNA called novel-m0089-3p was discovered in Japanese flounder and its immune function was investigated. It was found that novel-m0089-3p targets the autophagy-associated gene ATG7 and negatively regulates its expression. During bacterial infection, novel-m0089-3p expression is induced, leading to repression of ATG7 expression. Overexpression of novel-m0089-3p or blocking ATG7 expression inhibits autophagy and promotes intracellular replication of the bacteria.
FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
(2023)
Editorial Material
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Y. U. S. U. K. E. Shimakawa, G. I. B. R. I. L. Ndow, A. T. S. U. S. H. Kaneko, K. A. T. S. U. M. Aoyagi, M. A. U. D. Lemoine, Y. A. S. U. H. I. T. O. Tanaka
CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Samuel Etienne, Jurg Vosbeck, Christine Bernsmeier, Michael Osthoff
Summary: This article presents cases of patients with resolved hepatitis B who experienced hepatitis B reactivation during or after immunosuppressive treatment, emphasizing the importance of screening and management of previously HBV-exposed patients. Current guidelines recommend screening for HBV in all patients planned to receive immunosuppressive therapy and assessing the risk of HBV reactivation based on the patient's serological status and planned immunosuppressive drug regimen.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2023)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Ashwin Dhanda, Keith Bodger, Steve Hood, Clive Henn, Michael Allison, Chioma Amasiatu, Robyn Burton, Matthew Cramp, Ewan Forrest, Meetal Khetani, Alastair MacGilchrist, Steven Masson, Richard Parker, Nick Sheron, Ken Simpson, Nikhil Vergis, Martin White
Summary: The Liverpool ArLD Algorithm (LAA) can be successfully applied to both national and local datasets, providing a more accurate identification of alcohol-related liver disease admissions. The algorithm has revealed the true extent of ArLD admissions and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the long-term increase in ArLD admissions and mortality.
ALIMENTARY PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
(2023)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Tommy Ivanics, Marco P. A. W. Claasen, Madhukar S. S. Patel, Emmanouil Giorgakis, Shirin E. E. Khorsandi, Parthi Srinivasan, Andreas Prachalias, Krishna Menon, Wayel Jassem, Miriam Cortes, Blayne A. A. Sayed, Amit K. K. Mathur, Kate Walker, Rhiannon Taylor, Nigel Heaton, Neil Mehta, Dorry L. L. Segev, Allan B. B. Massie, Jan H. P. van Der Meulen, Gonzalo Sapisochin, David Wallace
Summary: Comparing the utilization and outcomes of DCD LT between the UK and the US provides insights into the international differences. The study found that although the use of DCD livers increased in both countries, the long-term transplant outcomes in the UK were superior to those in the US.
LIVER INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Public, Environmental & Occupational Health
Nora Schmit, Shevanthi Nayagam, Maud Lemoine, Gibril Ndow, Yusuke Shimakawa, Mark R. Thursz, Timothy B. Hallett
Summary: This study aimed to assess the impact and cost-effectiveness of different monitoring strategies for HBV-infected individuals. The findings showed that monitoring every 5 years for 15-45 year olds in a community-based screening program in The Gambia was the most cost-effective strategy.
JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH
(2023)
Article
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Mark Thursz, Fouzia Sadiq, Julia A. Tree, Peter Karayiannis, David W. C. Beasley, Wanwissa Dejnirattisai, Juthathip Mongkolsapaya, Gavin Screaton, Matthew Wand, Michael J. Elmore, Miles W. Carroll, Ian Matthews, Howard Thomas
Summary: PDE12 inhibitors, such as CO-17 and CO-63, have been identified as potential antiviral drugs, reducing the replication of various viruses including DENV, HCV, WNV, and SARS-CoV-2. These inhibitors are well tolerated at therapeutic concentrations and have shown antiviral properties in both human cells and animal models.
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Correction
Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology
Mark Thursz, Fouzia Sadiq, Julia A. Tree, Peter Karayiannis, David W. C. Beasley, Wanwissa Dejnirattisai, Juthathip Mongkolsapaya, Gavin Screaton, Matthew Wand, Michael J. Elmore, Miles W. Carroll, Ian Matthews, Howard Thomas
JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Bente P. van den Boom, Marilena Stamouli, Jennifer Timon, William Bernal, Annabel Blasi, Jelle Adelmeijer, Javier Fernandez, Ton Lisman, Vishal C. Patel
Summary: The levels of von Willebrand factor (VWF) are closely associated with the risk of mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis (DC) and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), and may serve as a predictive laboratory marker of prognosis. Further research is needed to assess the additional value of VWF in predicting mortality and associated complications in chronic liver failure syndromes.
LIVER INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Trishan Vaikunthanathan, Emmanuelle Landmann, Diana Marin Correa, Marco Romano, Silvia Cellone Trevelin, Qi Peng, Elena Crespo, Mauro Corrado, Juan-Jose Lozano, Erika L. Pearce, Elena Perpinan, Anna Zoccarato, Leonard Siew, Joy Edwards-Hicks, Reenam Khan, Nguyet-Thin Luu, Mark R. Thursz, Philip N. Newsome, Marc Martinez-Llordella, Naina Shah, Robert I. Lechler, Ajay M. Shah, Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo, Giovanna Lombardi, Niloufar Safinia
Summary: This study reveals that functional redox homeostasis is crucial for the function, stability, and survival of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Targeting Treg-specific antioxidant pathways may have therapeutic potential to reverse Treg impairment in conditions of oxidative damage such as advanced liver disease.
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Shevanthi Nayagam, Margaret J. de Villiers, Yusuke Shimakawa, Maud Lemoine, Mark R. Thursz, Nick Walsh, Timothy B. Hallett
Summary: In 2020, WHO recommended adding peripartum antiviral prophylaxis to hepatitis B vaccination to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HBV. This study evaluated the impact and cost-effectiveness of this recommendation and a simplified strategy of providing antiviral prophylaxis to all HBsAg-positive pregnant women. The findings suggest that the addition of peripartum antiviral prophylaxis could be cost-effective in many countries, especially if diagnostic costs are reduced.
LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Oltin-Tiberiu Pop, Anne Geng, Emilio Flint, Arjuna Singanayagam, Caner Ercan, Lucia Possamai, Vishal C. Patel, Patrizia Kuenzler, Marie -Anne Meier, Savas Soysal, Petr Hruz, Otto Kollmar, Kate C. Tatham, Josie K. Ward, Beat Muellhaupt, Achim Weber, Julia Wendon, Jan Hendrik Niess, Markus Heim, David Semela, Christopher Weston, Charalambos G. Antoniades, Luigi Maria Terracciano, Evangelos Triantafyllou, Robert G. Brenig, Christine Bernsmeier
Summary: This study found that AXL is expressed on tissue macrophages in patients with cirrhosis, but not on tissue-infiltrating liver macrophages, hepatocytes, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The expression of AXL decreases significantly with cirrhosis progression and is negatively correlated with liver function and C-reactive protein. AXL-expressing liver macrophages show high expression of CD68, HLA-DR, CD16, and CD206. Additionally, AXL expression decreases on gut and peritoneal macrophages in cirrhotic patients but increases in regional lymph nodes. These findings suggest an important role for AXL in the regulation of hepatic immune homeostasis.
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY
(2023)
Letter
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Ton Lisman, Bente P. van den Boom, William Bernal, Vishal C. Patel
LIVER INTERNATIONAL
(2023)
Review
Medicine, General & Internal
Mark Thursz, Anne Lingford-Hughes
Summary: Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is a leading contributor to liver-related morbidity and mortality, and its burden is increasing. The disease is influenced by genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Despite long-term excessive alcohol consumption, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, missing opportunities for intervention. Non-invasive tests have shown promise in early detection. Public health measures and individual interventions have limited ability to reduce the disease burden due to a lack of effective interventions. Abstinence from alcohol is crucial for established ALD patients, and liver transplant is indicated in cases of decompensated ALD. Understanding the mechanisms of alcohol-induced liver disease offers potential for new treatments, but funding in this area has been historically inadequate.
BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Health Care Sciences & Services
Fouzia Sadiq, Saeed Sha, Jaka Sikonja, Madeeha Khan, Quratul Ain, Mohammad Iqbal Khan, Habibur Rehman, Matej Mlinaric, Samuel S. Gidding, Urh Groselj
Summary: The survey conducted among physicians in Pakistan revealed limited infrastructure and resources for managing familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), leading to underdiagnosis and a lack of uniform diagnostic criteria. Lack of financial resources was identified as a major barrier. The study highlights the need for national FH screening programs and improved awareness among clinicians.
LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH - SOUTHEAST ASIA
(2023)
Meeting Abstract
Gastroenterology & Hepatology
Dimitrios Patseas, Eoin Mitchell, Emilio Flint, Tong Liu, Sujit Mukherjee, Lucia Possamai, Mark J. W. McPhail, Christine Bernsmeier, Evangelos Triantafyllou
JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY
(2023)