Article
Thermodynamics
Jinggang Zhou, Xuanyi Zhou, Beihua Cong, Wei Wang
Summary: The research used the approach of multi-physical field coupling to analyze the structural fire resistance problem. Multiple coupling interfaces were involved in the numerical simulation. Most previous studies on structural fire resistance have used the adiabatic surface temperature (AST) parameters to accurately describe complex boundary conditions in fire analysis. This paper selected a specific scenario of a steel column surrounded by fire source to explore the thermodynamic phenomena. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method was used to investigate the distribution laws of the spatial velocity and temperature fields. Fluid-thermal-solid coupling was realized via iterative coupling and direct coupling to obtain the steel column temperatures.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Miguel R. Manco, Murilo A. Vaz, Julio C. R. Cyrino, Alexandre Landesmann
Summary: This study evaluated the structural safety of an offshore topside steel structure under accidental fire conditions, investigating the nonlinear thermomechanical and ultimate strength behavior using CFD and LF-ESF approaches. The LF-ESF approach showed quite accurate estimates compared to CFD, and it can be directly modeled and used in FE-based commercial software.
Article
Engineering, Marine
Zhe Sun, Guang-Jun Liu, Li Zou, Hao Zheng, Kamal Djidjeli
Summary: This paper investigates the non-linear hydroelasticity effect of a 6750-TEU container ship using a coupled CFD-FEM method. The study validates the numerical method and finds that the wave length-ship length ratio has a greater impact on hydroelastic response, while increasing ship speed does not correspondingly increase the non-linearity of the hydroelastic response.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ruben Regueira, Juan Enrique Martinez-Martinez, Mar Alonso-Martinez, Felipe Pedro Alvarez Rabanal, Manuel Guaita, Juan Jose del Coz Diaz
Summary: The use of rounded dovetail connections in timber structures has become popular, but Eurocode 5 does not provide specific methods for calculating the fire performance of this type of connection. Experimental fire tests revealed that the connection failed to meet the minimum R30 fire resistance and a loss of material due to charring led to failure. The simulation method proposed in annex B of Eurocode 5 underestimated the charring rate, but a new simulation considering thermal flux inside the connection showed good agreement with experimental results.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2021)
Review
Engineering, Civil
Aatif Ali Khan, Asif Usmani, Jose Luis Torero
Summary: This paper examines the current state of defining gas temperatures for structural fire analysis, reviews widely adopted fire models used in structural analysis, discusses the limitations and scope of applicability of the most commonly used fire models.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Fanbao Chen, Tingting Xu, Guanyu Hou, Jianhua Huang, Guoqing Zhu, Tao Deng, Zhenhua Jiang, Ziyang Wang
Summary: This study addresses specific issues and research gaps related to pneumatic sandblasting effects for forest fire prevention and control. The investigation aims to determine the sensitivity of geometric parameters and recommend optimal design parameters for fire extinguishers. By using a combination of simulations and experiments, the study finds that flat outlets have the farthest sandblasting distance. Furthermore, the study explores the effects of different outlet diameters, air duct lengths, and impeller blade numbers, and identifies the optimal parameters for longer fire extinguishing length.
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Caihong Li, Long Shi, Xudong Cheng, Song Lu, Yuelei Pan, Heping Zhang
Summary: Due to the restriction of using Halon 1301 for fire suppression, alternative substances including HFC-125, 2-BTP, and Novec1230 have been developed. However, these alternatives were found to promote combustion and overpressure in the FAA-ACET test, thus not suitable for aircraft cargo compartments. In this study, different blend ratios of 2-BTP and HFC-125 were used to investigate their inhibitory effects on combustion enhancement. The results showed that the blend ratios of 25/75 and 50/50 effectively reduced heat release and system reactivity.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Rahul Kallada Janardhan, Saani Shakil, Wei Lu, Simo Hostikka, Jari Puttonen
Summary: This paper presents a unidirectional coupling methodology for combining fire simulation with finite element analysis to study the response of long-span steel truss beams exposed to non-uniform temperature distributions. Experimental studies and fire simulations were conducted to analyze the impact of fire spread on the beams and the various responses of the beams in non-uniform temperature fields.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Hong Tao Sun, Kam Yim Sze, Kwok Wing Chow, Anderson Chun On Tsang
Summary: CFD and FSI are commonly used for predicting the hemodynamic and structural behaviors of cerebral aneurysms, while SSA is a less-explored method. This study compared hemodynamic and structural parameters predicted by CFD, FSI, and SSA for different patient-specific CA models under varying pressures. The results showed similar distribution patterns of parameters under different pressures, with increasing percentage differences in hemodynamic parameters but decreasing differences in structural parameters as pressure increased. The computation times for CFD, SSA, and FSI were also compared in this study.
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID MECHANICS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Ceramics
Jacob J. Schichtel, Aditi Chattopadhyay
Summary: A methodology and numerical scheme are proposed for modeling the complex interactions between oxygen diffusion, matrix cracking, oxidation, and the state of stress in C/SiC CMCs at the microstructural scale. The model considers the governing equations for force equilibrium and conservation of mass, coupled through reaction terms, oxygen diffusivities and solubilities, and damage in the matrix. The finite element method equations are derived using the Galerkin method, and the model is applied to investigate creep-like strain acceleration and analyze differences between reaction-limited and diffusion-limited temperature regimes in stressed oxidation experiments.
JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Mustafa Altin, Muhammed Furkan Kilicarslan
Summary: A 1/1 scale Fire Experiment Laboratory was constructed to visually demonstrate real fire scenarios. The laboratory consisted of two fire test rooms measuring 300 x 350cm and one observation room measuring 190 x 620cm. The fire tests included a furnished living room and bedroom with calculated fire loads. The maximum temperatures recorded in the fire rooms were around 1200 degrees C in the top zone, 800 degrees C in the middle zone, and 400 degrees C in the lower zone for the bedroom; and around 900 degrees C in the top zone, 600 degrees C in the middle zone, and 300 degrees C in the lower zone for the living room. The external wall temperatures reached approximately 25-31 degrees C for the bedroom and 41-46 degrees C for the living room.
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Gang Xu, Guoqing Zhu, Rongliang Pan, Xin Liu
Summary: By studying the influence of changing the position of the fire source and sealing the end portal of the tunnel, it was found that the flame will bend under the curved ceiling and the hot smoke layer will thicken when the linear fire source is close to the side wall. Based on dimensional analysis, it was concluded that the maximum temperature mainly depends on the heat release rate, and an empirical formula was proposed to predict the maximum temperature rise of linear fire sources in different transverse positions.
CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Neha Mohanta, Rabesh Kumar Singh, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, Anuj Kumar Sharma
Summary: This study presents a robust fluid-structure interaction modeling approach for predicting cutting tool temperature in CNC turning, achieving reliable results through theoretical and experimental research and simulation using ANSYS software. Experimental validation and error analysis showed an overall accuracy of 86.23% for the system.
ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Paper & Wood
Tao Zou, Dongqiao Zhang, Tao Xu, Xiaohong Peng, He Zhang, Yanliang Du
Summary: Increasing demand for fire safety has led to the development of an early-stage fire-warning cotton fabric with a two-layered structure: conducting polymer layer and flame-retardant layer. The fabric possesses accurate temperature sensing capability and exhibits excellent fire-warning response and thermal stability. This research has the potential to create multifunctional clothing with efficient fire safety and smart fire-warning capability.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Moyan Zhang, Hong Xiao, Meng Wang, Mahantesh M. Nadakatti, Peng Chen
Summary: In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element Method (FEM) were used to analyze the temperature and stress distribution of mass cap concrete under wind environment, and the reliability of temperature values was verified through field tests. Wind affects concrete temperature distribution, with lower temperatures on the windward side and higher temperatures towards the leeward side. Higher wind speeds lead to increased temperature differences and maximum tensile stress, while changes in wind direction have limited effect on concrete temperature stress.
KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Sayilacksha Gnanachelvam, Mahen Mahendran, Anthony Ariyanayagam
Summary: This study conducted elevated temperature thermal property tests on various building materials, providing reference for selecting energy-efficient and fire-resistive materials for high-temperature environments. The results also aid in heat transfer modeling to identify wall configurations with increased fire resistance and energy efficiency.
FIRE AND MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mithum Peiris, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: Sheathing is an important component in cold-formed LSF walls and floors, contributing to increased compression capacity. Recent research has shown that by considering the constraints of sheathing, the load-bearing capacity of LSF walls under compression and bending actions can be accurately predicted.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mayooran Sivapathasundaram, Mahen Mahendran, Kathekeyan Myuran
Summary: This study aims to investigate the localized pull-through failures of cold-formed steel roof battens and assess the suitability of current design equations. Through static and fatigue pull-through failure tests, suitable design recommendations for very thin steel battens were obtained, and it was found that safety lip features can improve the fatigue performance of roof battens.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Tharindu Abeysiriwardena, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This study investigates the thermal and structural behavior of LSF walls during fires, focusing on the use of gypsum plasterboards as the primary fire-resistant material. The research shows the importance of out-of-plane restraints in reducing lateral deflection and improving fire resistance levels of LSF walls.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Akshay Mangal Mahar, S. Arul Jayachandran, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This research explores the LD interaction in built-up columns and presents a detailed design procedure to consider the strength erosion caused by LD interaction. The study conducts a comprehensive numerical analysis using finite element method and validates the models with experimental results. Different types of built-up sections are investigated, and the effects of LD interaction, fastener spacing, and end fastener group on the ultimate strength are examined.
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Son Tung Vy, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This study investigates the compression behavior and capacity of light gauge steel framed walls made of slender nested channel studs sheathed with gypsum plasterboards. The results show that the plasterboards and screw connections between the stud and board significantly affect the failure mode and compression capacity of the sheathed stud. The recommended end fastener groups and stud-to-stud screw connections have only marginal effects. A simple and conservative design method based on the Direct Strength Method equations is proposed.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Lisa Pieper, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This paper presents a numerical investigation of the local dimpling behavior of corrugated claddings under static wind uplift loading, including a design equation to determine the pull-through capacity.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Jashnav Pancheti, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This paper presents an experimental study on the fire resistance of external light-gauge steel-framed walls with brick veneer cladding. The study shows that brick veneer provides good protection to the thin-walled steel studs and exhibits high fire resistance.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mithum Peiris, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This study investigates the behavior of light gauge steel framed walls under combined axial and lateral loads and fire exposure using stud-only and advanced structural finite element models. The advanced model incorporates gypsum plasterboard sheathing and has been validated against full-scale fire test results. Thermal finite element models have also been developed and validated. The findings of this study provide suitable recommendations for FE modeling of LSF walls under combined compression and bending actions and fire conditions.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Indunil Erandi Ariyaratne, Anthony Ariyanayagam, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This study aimed to develop masonry blocks using diatomite aggregate and evaluate their suitability for use in bushfire-prone areas. The results showed that blocks made with 60% diatomite aggregate are recommended for use in buildings in bushfire-prone areas.
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Son Tung Vy, Mahen Mahendran, Edward Steau, Anthony Ariyanayagam
Summary: This study investigates the behaviour of load-bearing light gauge steel framed walls made of back-to-back and nested channels under fire conditions, using four full-scale standard fire tests. The results show that without cavity insulation, the thermal and structural behaviour of walls made of these channels is similar to that of walls made of conventional channel studs. Walls made of back-to-back and nested channels with two layers of 16 mm thick gypsum plasterboards and without cavity insulation have a fire resistance level of 120 min for a load ratio of 0.4, while the use of cavity insulation reduces the fire resistance level of walls made of nested channels.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Sahani Hendawitharana, Anthony Ariyanayagam, Mahen Mahendran, Edward Steau
Summary: Bushfires/wildfires have become a widespread and frequent occurrence in many parts of the world. Ensuring adequate bushfire resistance of buildings in bushfire-prone areas is important due to climate change and population increase. This study presents the details and results of bushfire resistance experiments conducted on external Light gauge Steel Framed (LSF) wall systems, highlighting the importance of external cladding integrity and thermal shock resistance of building elements to enhance the bushfire resistance of buildings.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Sahani Hendawitharana, Anthony Ariyanayagam, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This study advances our understanding of fire heat transfer in steel framed bushfire safe rooms using numerical modelling. The results show that the integrity of the doors and the presence of multiple internal compartments are crucial for the bushfire performance of safe rooms. The study also demonstrates that safe rooms can be constructed using available building materials to meet the requirements of bushfire heat transfer.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Akshay Mangal Mahar, S. Arul Jayachandran, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This study evaluates the local-flexural interactive buckling of cold-formed steel built-up columns and proposes new design equations to accurately predict the ultimate load. The existing design guidelines are found to underestimate the local-flexural interactive buckling, and the effect of fastener spacing on this buckling mode is assessed. The study provides insights into the behavior of built-up columns and offers reliable design equations.
JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Sahani Hendawitharana, Anthony Ariyanayagam, Mahen Mahendran
Summary: This study aims to enhance the understanding of the behavior of external light steel framed walls in bushfires, specifically focusing on the heat transfer across the walls. Through numerical simulations and experiments, it demonstrates the importance of wall cladding, cavity insulation, and suitable wall boards in different bushfire conditions. Based on the findings, zone-specific wall systems and acceptable design load ratios are recommended for construction in critical regions of the bushland urban interface.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Tarek Beji, Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi
Summary: The paper presents experimental measurements of transient profiles of burning rates and liquid temperatures in methanol and heptane pool fires. The results suggest significant enhancement in heat transfer due to convective motion within the liquid. Additionally, a two-zone approach for the thermal structure within the liquid has been proposed and will be implemented in a numerical code.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Walter Klein-Hessling
Summary: Fire simulations and analytical validation approaches are becoming increasingly important in the fire safety assessment of nuclear power plants. The COCOSYS code has been improved to better simulate cable fires and has been validated through experiments. It provides a set of input parameters for different ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bing Wu, Yu Meng, Yongzheng Yao, Baiwei Lei, Jingxin Wang, Junjie Zhai
Summary: Underground laneway fires have a throttling effect on ventilation systems and the amount of CO produced by combustion is significantly influenced by ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ahmad Hassan, Gilbert Accary, Duncan Sutherland, Khalid Moinuddin
Summary: Numerical simulations were conducted to study laboratory-scale junction fires with a shrub fuel bed under different unidirectional wind conditions on various terrain slopes and junction angles. The results showed that the decrease in junction angle enhanced fire spread, and the impact of wind speed on fire behavior depended on the intermediate values of the junction angle. The driving heat transfer mode in junction fires varied based on the presence of wind and slope conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Samuel Vaux, Emeline Georges, Hugues Pretrel
Summary: This study investigates an elevated pool fire scenario in a confined and forced ventilated compartment through both experimental and numerical methods. The objective is to enhance the understanding of the phenomena and evaluate the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) capabilities in this configuration. The comparison between large-scale fire tests and numerical simulations reveals differences in fuel mass loss rate and thermal stratifications between elevated and ground fires. The study also highlights the limitations of the predictive approach commonly used for ground fires when applied to elevated fires.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mira von der Linde, Meinald T. Thielsch
Summary: This study investigates the motivation, emotions, and value of laypeople in fire incidents and finds that their active involvement provides support. The findings are helpful for emergency managers.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Hong-Zeng Yu, Xiangyang Zhou
Summary: This study conducted fire tests to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating nitrogen to enhance the fire extinguishing capability of water mist in an obstructed, naturally-ventilated enclosure. The results showed that adding nitrogen did improve the water mist's fire extinguishing capability, although the extent of improvement varied depending on the fire size, obstruction, and ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Rosaria Ono, Marcos Vargas Valentim, Fulvio Vittorino
Summary: This study presents the analysis of unimpeded walking speed of primary school children in descending movement in stairs, including the differences on walking speeds on the flights and landings and the impact of anthropo-metrical data on their walking speed. The research aimed to provide data for evacuation modelling that is not influenced by factors like crowds or adults controlling the flow. The findings show that anthropometrical characteristics or age do not significantly affect the children's movement in free walking condition, and the reduction factor on flights for children is higher than commonly adopted in simulation models.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Nicolas Correa, Juan Cuevas, Andres Fuentes, Jose Luis Torero, Pedro Reszka
Summary: The use of mass timber framing in high-rise buildings requires accurate structural fire performance calculations. A thermal model incorporating char oxidation is proposed in this study, and its effectiveness is validated by replicating experimental results. However, the model fails to accurately simulate the behavior during the later stages of surface combustion.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi, Pascal Boulet, Elmehdi Koutaiba, Tarek Beji
Summary: This paper presents a series of 48 enclosure fire experiments conducted in a 1.40 m cubic compartment. A new oscillatory combustion regime is discovered, characterized by alternations between well-ventilated and under-ventilated conditions. This finding calls for a better understanding and further analysis of the underlying physics.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Shenggang Fan, Xingyang Zheng, Jiacheng Zheng, Meijing Liu, Daoyang Dong
Summary: Based on experimental data and constitutive models, a simplified constitutive model of AISI304 stainless steel at high temperatures was proposed and analyzed in this study. Finite element analysis results showed that the simplified constitutive model produced acceptable results compared to the constitutive model fitted based on experimental data, indicating its feasibility and accuracy in calculating the fire resistance of specimens.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Julian E. Mendez, Martyn S. McLaggan, David Lange
Summary: The study characterised the fire spread dynamics in a simplified ventilated facade by conducting parametric experiments. The results showed a strong relationship between flame height and heat release rate. It was also found that the time for encapsulation failure and subsequent cladding material core ignition decreased as the cavity width was reduced. The study highlights the importance of considering the interaction of the products used in the facade and its geometry for the design of facade assemblies when accounting for the fire performance of the system.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
A. Galgano, C. Di Blasi
Summary: A sensitivity analysis was conducted on a one-dimensional solid-gas model for the ignition of thick poly (methyl methacrylate). The study found that the kinetics of polymer decomposition and monomer combustion play a crucial role in ignition time, and the properties of the polymer and the decomposition atmosphere should be properly considered.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Thomas Gernay
Summary: This paper provides an overview of the application of the Performance-Based Design approach in structural fire design. The value of the approach is demonstrated through case studies, and the process and role of the structural fire engineer are described. Recent research conducted at Johns Hopkins University, including issues such as the coupling between fire and thermal-structural models, characterization of material behavior at elevated temperature, numerical modeling of structures in fire, probabilistic risk assessment, and cost-benefit analyses, is discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges and future perspectives for performance-based structural fire design.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Salman Ahmad, Hafiz Usman Ahmed, Asad Ali, Xinyi Yang, Ying Huang, Mingwei Guo, Yihao Ren, Pan Lu
Summary: This study investigates the driving behavior patterns of individuals during historical wildfire events and reveals the influence of driving conditions and wildfires on driving behavior, as well as the differences in driving behavior patterns between rural and urban areas.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
