Article
Chemistry, Physical
Sarfraz Ahmed, Abdul Jalil, Syed Zafar Ilyas, Ather Hassan, Ahsan Ilahi, Ishaq Ahmed, Maaz Khan, Qasim Khan
Summary: First-principles calculations were used to investigate the gas sensing behavior of various gas molecules on the B4C3 monolayer. The results showed that B4C3 exhibited superior gas sensing performance compared to other 2D materials. The adsorption behavior, charge transfer, and bandgap variation of gas molecules on the B4C3 surface played key roles in its gas sensing applications.
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Akari Narayama Sosa, Alvaro Miranda, Luis Antonio Perez, Alejandro Trejo, Miguel Cruz-Irisson
Summary: This study investigates the sensing capabilities of pristine and transition metal-functionalized germanene for CO and CO2 molecules. The results show that TM-functionalized germanene significantly improves the interaction towards CO molecules bound through the C atom, while the sensing capabilities for CO2 molecules do not enhance with TM functionalization. The findings suggest potential uses of TM-functionalized germanene in CO sensing applications.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Ruijuan Du, Wei Wu
Summary: In this study, the interactions between small gas molecules and different MoS2 materials were explored, and it was found that the monolayer Ru-doped MoS2 exhibited the strongest interaction with SO2 gas molecules, making it a promising candidate for efficient SO2 gas sensors.
CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Donglai Wei, Yingtao Guo, Yuxian Feng, Wenqing Lu, Jintao Zhang, Minghao Lin, Xiongdiao Lan, Yexin Liao, Ping Lan, Lihong Lan
Summary: Sulfonated starch was successfully synthesized using a deep eutectic solvent and a sulfonating agent. The sulfonation reaction occurred on the surface of starch granules and on the O6 atoms of the glucose unit. Sulfonated starch exhibited a wide pH range of application, fast adsorption rate, and high adsorption capacity. The adsorption process was attributed to hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Mingyuan Shao, Yang Song, Chaoquan Hu, Xuebing Xu, Chang Li
Summary: In this study, a theoretical model based on PtM (M = Ru, Au, or Sn) bimetallic clusters supported on titanium silicalite (TS-1) was developed and applied to investigate the dehydrogenation of n-butane. The catalysts suitable for the dehydrogenation process were identified using the cluster model, and a correlation between the d-band center and the energy barrier of the first dehydrogenation step was established. Experimental results confirmed the theoretical findings, as PtM bimetallic catalysis supported on TS-1 exhibited consistent trends in turnover frequencies and apparent activation energies. This study provides guidance for designing catalysts for n-butane dehydrogenation.
Article
Thermodynamics
Ahmad Mukhtar, Sami Ullah, Abrar Inayat, Sidra Saqib, Nurhayati Binti Mellon, Mohammed Ali Assiri, Abdullah G. Al-Sehemi, Muhammad Bilal Khan Niazi, Zaib Jahan, Mohamad Azmi Bustam, Muhammad Ibrahim
Summary: Functionalized covalent triazine based frameworks (CTF-NH) showed enhanced CO2 and CH4 adsorption capacities with amine functionalities, but decreasing capacities with rising temperatures. The selectivity of CO2/CH4 increased, and the adsorption is found to be predominantly physisorption at less than 20 kJ/mol.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Zu-Yin Deng, Nian-Zu Chiang, Utkarsh Kumar, Kuen-Lin Chen, Jau-Han Chen, Chiu-Hsien Wu
Summary: Our experiments demonstrated that highly polarized Ni-Fe-O materials can be influenced by polar gases, resulting in changes to their magnetic properties. Adsorbed gas molecules altered the material's magnetic properties through weak electronic interactions at the metal atom-gas molecule interface. Coercivity and blocking temperature of the material exhibited opposite changes for different gases due to variations in their electron affinities. Density Functional Theory calculations confirmed that gas adsorption induced alterations in the electric field and spin-charge distribution, leading to shifts in the Fermi level and movement of top atomic layers. These shifts ultimately affected the material's magnetic anisotropy. Importantly, these changes were reversible upon desorption of the gas, facilitated by molecular attraction between the gas and material. Overall, our experimental and theoretical findings enhance the understanding of polar gas interactions with magnetic material surfaces.
SURFACES AND INTERFACES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Suyu Yang, Beibei Zhang, Xiaofan Zheng, Guohui Chen, Yiwen Ju, Bo-Zhen Chen
Summary: The study investigated the adsorption mechanisms of CH4, CO2, and H2O molecules on various shale surfaces using density functional theory. Results showed that the Al&Mg-doped illite surface exhibited the strongest adsorption ability, with H2O having the highest adsorption capacity among the three molecules.
SURFACES AND INTERFACES
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Sakila Khatun, Koji Shimizu, Soumen Singha, Rajat Saha, Satoshi Watanabe, Poulomi Roy
Summary: The manipulation of crystal and electronic structure plays a crucial role in determining the electrocatalytic activity of materials, with bismuth molybdate showing potential as an electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction with the promotion of iron in the crystal structure. The incorporation of iron leads to the development of strain and dislocation in the crystal structure, with the presence of an optimal amount of iron beneficial for creating oxygen vacancies. However, a higher concentration of iron can be detrimental to the electrocatalytic performance.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Poonam Parkar, Ajay Chaudhari
Summary: The hydrogen storage properties of Ti-doped B12C6N6 nanocage were investigated using density functional theory, and it was found that Ti doping can enhance the hydrogen storage capacity of the nanocage. The I12 structure met the target set by the U.S. Department of Energy. The negative formation energies indicated that all the structures were thermodynamically favorable, and the calculated vibrational spectra confirmed the stability of the cages.
JOURNAL OF ENERGY STORAGE
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Ehab Salih, Ahmad I. Ayesh
Summary: The study aims to use gold and silver codoped molybdenum disulfide as a gas sensor for nitrogen oxides with improved sensitivity, showing selective detection of NO and NO2 gases. The electronic properties and adsorption parameters of the proposed sensor demonstrate significant changes upon adsorption of the gases.
PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Vladan J. Anicijevic, Tamara D. Lazarevic-Pasti, Vesna M. Vasic, Dragana D. Vasic Anicijevic
Summary: The study investigated the adsorption mechanism of pesticide dimethoate on graphene-based materials, revealing a cooperative binding mechanism on the adsorption sites and analyzing the thermodynamics of the adsorption process using various adsorption isotherms. The study also correlated experimental results with Density Functional Theory calculations to describe the reactive features of graphene materials.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
ShiQuan Wu, Li Li, QiQi Liang, HuaXu Gao, DeYuan Hu, TianYu Tang, Yanlin Tang
Summary: The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption and release mechanism of 6-thioguanine (6TG) on transition metal (Fe,Co,Ni)-doped C60 and C60 fullerene nanomaterials using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The results showed that the interaction between 6TG and fullerene nanocarriers is exothermic and spontaneous. The addition of transition metals enhanced the solvation effect of 6TG and accelerated its release from fullerenes.
APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Swati Verma, Arun Kumar, Hemant Kumar, Rahul Baghel, Naveen Goel, Mohan L. Verma
Summary: This study investigated the adsorption behavior of small gas molecules on Yttrium-doped SnS2 monolayer using density functional theory simulations, highlighting the potential application in gas sensing. The results showed strong adsorption of gas molecules on the Y-doped SnS2 monolayer and suggested its potential as a candidate for gas sensing applications.
PHYSICA E-LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS & NANOSTRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Saber Babaee Zadvarzi, Maryam Khavarpour, Seyed Mohammad Vahdat, Seyed Meysam Baghbanian, Ali Shokuhi Rad
Summary: Effective removal of dyes from industrial wastewater is a global concern, with magnetic chitosan coated with ZIF-8 showing promising results for eliminating cationic dye malachite green. Fe3O4@chitosan@ZIF-8 was found to be a highly efficient adsorbent for removal of toxic malachite green dye from aqueous solution.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
(2021)
Article
Energy & Fuels
A. A. Botin, A. Mozhaev, R. E. Boldushevskii, Yu A. Khamzin, P. A. Nikulshin
Summary: This study demonstrates the advantages of the reactive adsorption process for ultra-deep desulfurization of gasoline from catalytic cracking and other hydrocarbon fractions. A series of Ni/ZnO-Al2O3 adsorption-catalytic systems with varying nickel contents were synthesized to investigate the effect of surface concentration of nickel on the activity and selectivity of the reactive adsorption process. The results show that the conversion of thiophene is increased with higher surface concentration of nickel, but the highest selectivity factor for hydrodesulfurization/hydrogenation is achieved at a lower surface concentration of nickel.
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FUELS AND OILS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
A. N. Romanov, A. Serykh, E. Haula, D. P. Shashkin, V. M. Kogan, N. N. Rozhdestvenskaya, I. B. Krylov, V. N. Korchak
Summary: Low valence bismuth cationic centers were introduced into ZSM-5 and mordenite zeolites via reductive solid state ion exchange, resulting in the formation of near infrared photoluminescent bismuth monocations and cluster ions. The optical properties of these bismuth cationic species in ZSM-5 and mordenite depend mainly on the zeolite Si/Al ratio and the amount of loaded bismuth, and the photoluminescence emission and excitation spectra differ significantly between the two zeolites.
MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
A. A. Botin, A. V. Mozhaev, Yu. A. Khamzin, R. E. Boldushevskii, P. A. Nikulshin
Summary: Several adsorption-catalytic systems with different composition and support preparation methods have been synthesized and studied. It has been found that the Ni/ZnO@Al2O3 adsorption-catalytic system can achieve high desulfurization depth under specific conditions.
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
A. Iusovskii, R. Boldushevskii, A. Mozhaev, O. Shmelkova, A. Guseva, E. Chernysheva, V Kapustin, I Pronchenkov, P. Nikulshin
Summary: This study synthesized and studied NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts with different surface loading of molybdenum for secondary middle distillates hydrodearomatization. The results showed that increasing the molybdenum load decreased the dispersion of the active phase particles and significantly changed the catalytic properties. The hydrogenation and hydrodesulfurization rates decreased with the increase of the mass fraction of active metals. The catalyst with a Mo loading of 4.4 at/nm demonstrated the highest specific depth of hydrogenation.
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FUELS AND OILS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
M. E. Osman, T. D. Dipheko, V. V. Maximov, T. F. Sheshko, E. B. Markova, E. A. Trusova, A. G. Cherednichenko, V. M. Kogan
Summary: This comparative study investigates the catalytic behavior of K-modified CoMoS2 catalysts supported on different carriers (Al2O3, carbon covered alumina, and graphene coated alumina) in synthesis gas and ethanol conversion. The results suggest that the catalyst supported on graphene coated alumina exhibits better catalytic performance compared to alumina and carbon covered alumina supports. Graphene also affects the selectivity of the catalytic reactions by attenuating the interaction between the support and active site.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
S. A. Antonov, A. Matveeva, I. A. Pronchenkov, R. Bratko, P. A. Nikulshin, A. Yu Kilyakova, A. Gerasimov
Summary: This article examines the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of heavy naphthenic-aromatic oil and its fractions. It found that compared with other oil mixtures, heavy naphthenic-aromatic oil has higher viscosity and density, mainly due to high content of resinous-asphaltenic compounds and absence of gasoline fractions. The diesel fraction has good low-temperature characteristics and contains a large quantity of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The vacuum residue primarily consists of resinous matters and has a high content of metals.
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FUELS AND OILS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
R. F. Yuzmukhametova, O. Shmelkova, R. E. Boldushevsky, Yu A. Khamzin, A. A. Shipiltsyna, S. A. Antonov, P. A. Nikulshin
Summary: This study investigated the adsorption method of oil residue upgrading without hydrogen using coarsely granulated macroporous adsorbents with a high mechanical strength, a small surface area, and a large volume of macropores, modified with various additives. Templates such as guar gum and wax emulsion were tested to create a macroporous structure, with wax showing greater effectiveness. The process successfully reduced heavy metal content by 98% and achieved a 75% conversion of residue boiling above 540 degrees C. This method can be used to obtain feedstock for hydrofining and catalytic cracking processes.
CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FUELS AND OILS
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Tshepo D. Dipheko, Vladimir V. Maximov, Mohamed E. Osman, Evgeny A. Permyakov, Alexander Mozhaev, Pavel A. Nikulshin, Alexander G. Cherednichenko, Victor M. Kogan
Summary: The effect of different supports on trimetallic KCoMoS2 catalysts for ethanol conversion was studied. Results showed that catalysts supported on various activated carbons were more active than those supported on alumina and carbon-coated alumina. The length and dispersion of the catalysts also influenced the turnover frequency. The acidity of the catalysts had an impact on product yields.
Article
Chemistry, Physical
Tshepo D. Dipheko, Vladimir V. Maximov, Mohamed E. Osman, Oleg L. Eliseev, Alexander G. Cherednichenko, Tatiana F. Sheshko, Victor M. Kogan
Summary: Ethanol shows good conversion performance on K10Co3.7Mo12S catalysts supported by novel activated carbon materials, and different supports significantly affect the textural properties and activity of the catalyst.
Article
Engineering, Marine
Renata Iuzmukhametova, Roman Boldushevskii, Olga Shmelkova, Yunir Khamzin, Artem Minaev, Pavel Nikulshin
Summary: Adsorptive treatment using granulated macroporous Al2O3-SiO2 adsorbent is proposed as a preliminary stage for residue pretreatment in refineries. The study evaluates the adsorptive treatment process and discusses the role of feed dilution, process temperature, and feed rate. The regenerated adsorbent has a smaller macropore size and volume but does not significantly impact demetallization. The pretreated residual product undergoes hydrotreatment to produce low-sulfur marine fuel.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Aleksei Iusovskii, Roman Boldushevskii, Aleksandr Mozhaev, Olga Shmelkova, Elizaveta Pavlycheva, Aleksandr Koklyukhin, Pavel Nikulshin
Summary: This article presents the prospect of using highly active NiMo catalysts for deep hydrodesulfurization and hydrodearomatization of secondary gas oils to obtain hydrocarbon bases for drilling fluids. The study shows that the impregnating solution concentration affects the composition and morphology of the catalyst, while the carrier's pore volume influences the physicochemical properties and catalytic activity of the NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts.
Article
Chemistry, Organic
V. S. Dorokhov, O. L. Ovsienko, S. S. Chugunov, M. V. Rogozina, N. A. Anikeev, P. A. Nikulshin
Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of computer-aided engineering and additive manufacturing techniques for fabricating protective layer materials with novel filtration channel designs. By using computational fluid dynamics simulations, potential locations for capturing solid dust particles in ceramic filter pellets were identified. Ceramic filter pellets were fabricated using laser stereolithography, and the printed samples were subjected to a filtration test. The feasibility of CFD models for filter material design was demonstrated through CFD simulations of the pellet channels to identify potential filtration locations and a comparative assessment using post-test X-ray computed tomography scan of the 3D-printed pellets.
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Organic
O. V. Repina, S. V. Tarazanov, P. A. Nikulshin
Summary: This study investigated the synthesis of polysulfones from individual alpha-olefins and identified the correlation between the specific electrical conductivity of diesel fuels (DF) and the structure of the initial alkene. The antistatic properties of the synthesized polymers were studied in relation to polymer molecular weight and dispersant content, as well as the low-temperature properties of DFs containing polysulfone as an ashless antistatic additive.
PETROLEUM CHEMISTRY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Qingyuan Zheng, Jack H. Williams, Scott Elgersma, Mick D. Mantle, Andrew J. Sederman, G. Leendert Bezemer, Constant M. Guedon, Lynn F. Gladden
Summary: In this study, a pilot-scale fixed-bed reactor compatible with NMR/MRI was developed for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Multiple magnetic resonance techniques were applied to quantitatively characterize different product species within catalyst pellets, providing valuable information for catalyst and reactor optimization.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Lisa Ramisch, Sebastian Pfaff, Sabrina M. Gericke, Edvin Lundgren, Johan Zetterberg
Summary: We present a combination of optical operando techniques that allow simultaneous measurement of adsorbed species on catalyst surfaces, monitoring of surface oxide formation, and imaging of the gas phase above the catalyst surface. The experimental setup was validated by studying CO oxidation on Pd(100) at different pressures, revealing the effects of pressure on the heterogeneous catalytic reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Marta Paniagua, Gabriel Morales, Juan A. Melero, Daniel Garcia-Salgado
Summary: The influence of common impurities in levulinic acid on the catalytic performance of different acid catalysts for bio-jet fuel production was studied. It was found that furfural had the greatest detrimental effect on catalyst performance, while propyl-sulfonic acid-modified SBA-15 and sulfonic acid resin Amberlyst-70 showed good regeneration ability.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Jesus Tapiador, Pedro Leo, Guillermo Calleja, Gisela Orcajo
Summary: This study presents a new MOF material, Zn-URJC-13, with acid and basic sites, permanent porosity, and high affinity to CO2 molecules. The Zn-URJC-13 catalyst exhibits efficient performance in CO2 cycloaddition reactions and can be reused multiple times.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Dan Zhao, Vita A. Kondratenko, Dmitry E. Doronkin, Shanlei Han, Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt, Uwe Rodemerck, David Linke, Evgenii V. Kondratenko
Summary: This study demonstrates the potential of cheap and commercially available Zr or Ti-based supports and ZnO to serve as active and selective catalysts for propane dehydrogenation (PDH). The catalytically active species formed in situ under PDH conditions consist of isolated ZnOx. ZnOx on the surface of LaZrOx shows the highest rate of propene formation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Hanbyeol Kim, Jung Rae Kim, Young-Kwon Park, Jeong-Myeong Ha, Jungho Jae
Summary: In this study, metal phosphates were used as catalysts for biomass conversion to produce sustainable aromatics through DielsAlder cycloaddition reactions. The effects of synthesis method, activation method, and P/Ti molar ratio on the structure and acid properties of titanium phosphate catalysts were systematically studied. The mesoporous titanium phosphate catalyst synthesized by hydrothermal method at 180℃ for 12 h followed by ethanol refluxing at 60℃ for 24 h at a molar P/Ti ratio of 1 showed the highest surface area and acid site density.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Yasin Khani, Sumin Pyo, Kwang-Eun Jeong, Chul-Ung Kim, Moonis Ali Khan, Byong-Hun Jeon, Kun-Yi Andrew Lin, Siyoung Q. Choi, Young-Kwon Park
Summary: A protonated form of Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (H-ZSM-5) catalyst was synthesized through a hydrothermal method using different sources of silica. The effect of loading the catalyst with yttrium, samarium, and gadolinium on the acidic properties was investigated. Among the metal-loaded catalysts, the Sm/LHZ catalyst showed the best performance in the methanol to propylene conversion due to its high amount of weak and intermediate acid sites, while the Gd-LHZ catalyst increased the selectivity towards ethane and propane.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Michael Franc, Ivana Cisarova, Jan Vesely
Summary: The present study investigates an enantioselective cyclization of enals with imidazolone derivatives catalyzed by a combination of achiral Pd(0) complex and chiral secondary amine. Corresponding spirocyclic imidazolones were produced in high yields with moderate diastereoselectivity and excellent enantioselectivity. The developed co-operative catalytic methodology provides a highly substituted spirocyclic scaffold with four stereogenic centers under mild conditions.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Mauro Alvarez, Jennifer Cueto, David P. Serrano, Pablo Marin, Salvador Ordonez
Summary: This study focuses on improving the formulation and preparation methods of catalysts for the production of dimethyl carbonate. By using suitable catalyst preparation methods and copper salt precursors, the researchers successfully produced catalysts with optimal performance for dimethyl carbonate formation.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Claudia J. Keijzer, Luc C. J. Smulders, Dennie Wezendonk, Jan Willem de Rijk, Petra E. de Jongh
Summary: This study investigates the catalytic behavior of alpha-alumina supported silver catalysts in the presence of chloride. It is found that the particle size of silver can affect the selectivity of the catalyst, but different strategies lead to different results. In this size range, the selectivity of ethylene oxide is correlated to the Ag : Al2O3 surface ratio.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Takeshi Aihara, Wataru Aoki, Michikazu Hara, Keigo Kamata
Summary: The development of acid-base bifunctional catalysts is important for promoting specific chemical transformations. In this study, Ti-based perovskite oxides were synthesized and used as catalysts for two C-C bond-forming reactions (cyanosilylation and Knoevenagel condensation). The highly pure SrTiO3 nanoparticles with a high specific surface area exhibited the highest catalytic performance, and could be easily recovered and reused.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Olga Gorlova, Petra Pribylova, Eliska Vyskocilova, Katerina Peroutkova, Jan Kohout, Iva Paterova
Summary: This study investigates the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of beta-cyclocitral using tin-modified mixed oxides as catalysts. The optimal reaction conditions and the effects of various factors on the reaction course and selectivity were determined. The results show that tin-modified mixed oxides exhibit high activity and selectivity in the oxidation reaction.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
M. I. Avila, M. M. Alonso-Doncel, L. Briones, G. Gomez-Pozuelo, J. M. Escola, D. P. Serrano, A. Peral, J. A. Botas
Summary: The catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin using ion-exchanged zeolite catalysts showed significant improvements in bio-oil quality and the production of aromatic hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Enrico Catizzone, Giorgia Ferrarelli, Paolo Bruno, Girolamo Giordano, Massimo Migliori
Summary: The acid-catalysed alcohol conversion reaction is a promising route for de-fossilization strategies. Research on pure alcohol conversion and simultaneous dehydration of mixed alcohols have shown different product compositions, with the type and distribution of acid sites affecting the reaction mechanism.
Article
Chemistry, Applied
Alireza Ranjbari, Juho Kim, Jihee Yu, Jiyun Kim, Mireu Park, Nayoung Kim, Kristof Demeestere, Philippe M. Heynderickx
Summary: This study investigated a novel kinetic model for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange using commercial ZnO and reduced ZnO photocatalysts. The results provided new insights into the interaction of catalysts with molecules of different charges and compared with a previous study on methylene blue. The presence of oxygen vacancies in ZnO and their effects on adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were analyzed, and the photocatalytic degradation rate of reduced ZnO was found to increase significantly.
