Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Yalong Wang, Ning Kang, Jin Lin, Shouxiang Lu, Kim Meow Liew
Summary: Flame retardant cables are widely used, but the thermal degradation behavior of PVC cable insulation materials with different flame-retardant levels has not been extensively studied. Four flame-retardant and one non-flame-retardant PVC cable insulation materials were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis. The results show differences in the first peaks of the thermal degradation behavior, but similarities in the second peaks. Evaluating the flame-retardant performance solely based on activation energy is not sufficient. The findings provide a basis for evaluating the thermal degradation behavior of PVC cable insulation materials and can be useful for numerical simulations of electrical fires.
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
(2023)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hong Zhang, Zhou Li, Aihua Yu, Shibin Nie, Jianxin Yi
Summary: A planar mixed-potential sensor was prepared by in situ growth of ZnO nanorods sensing electrode on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. The potentiometric sensing properties of the sensor toward two signature gases of early PVC cable fires, 2-ethyl hexanol (2-EH) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP), were studied. High response values and improved selectivity were achieved with the ZnO nanorods-based sensor compared to the ZnO nanoparticles-based sensor.
Article
Physics, Applied
Chao Yuan, Dong-Duan Liu, Yu-Jie Zhu, Tan Zeng, Bing-Xu Jiang, Cheng-Xu Tang, Yao Zhou, Jin-Liang He, Qi Li
Summary: This paper reports on the interaction between organic molecular semiconductors and polypropylene, which can effectively modulate the electrical properties of polypropylene. This is crucially important for environmentally friendly high voltage direct current cable insulation.
APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Peng Zhang, Lingchang Kong, Rui Liang, Bingyin Xu, Nan Peng
Summary: This article discusses the application of three-core cables in medium-voltage distribution systems and the challenges of fault location. The authors propose a fault location method based on an equivalent cable model and the ratio of shield-grounding wire currents. Simulation experiments in PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed method has higher accuracy and robustness compared to conventional approaches. The effectiveness of the method is validated on a real 10 kV distribution network experimental platform.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS
(2023)
Article
Nuclear Science & Technology
Hongru Zhao, Jiejuan Tong, Jun Zhao, Jing Wu
Summary: This study experimentally investigated the failure characteristics of Class 1 E electrical cables in different fire exposure conditions and raceway configurations. The results showed that power cables have higher failure temperature and longer failure time compared to control cables. The failure patterns of cables in Tray-type configuration and in Conduit-type configuration are similar, while they differ from those in Air Drop-type configuration.
PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Nuclear Science & Technology
Hongru Zhao, Jiejuan Tong, Jun Zhao, Jing Wu
Summary: This study presents an experimental investigation of the failure characteristics of Class 1 E electrical cables under different fire exposure conditions and raceway configurations. The results reveal that power cables have higher failure temperature and longer failure time compared to control cables. In addition, the failure patterns of cables vary depending on the raceway configuration.
PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR ENERGY
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Alexandra Viitanen, Simo Hostikka, Jukka Vaari
Summary: This paper constructs a pyrolysis model for a PVC cable using experimental results and verifies it through simulation. The study develops a novel stochastic method for creating simplified cable tray geometries and adjusts the surface area. Unlike previous numerical approaches, this method does not rely on empirical correlations or full-scale experiments to predict fire propagation. Comparison with experimental results shows an average overprediction of 8% for the maximum heat release rate.
Article
Polymer Science
Dihua Ouyang, Haoyu Yan, Jiaxing Song, Chunhai Yang, Tao Jiang, Chengkui Liu
Summary: This study compares and analyzes the combustion, fire, and pyrolysis characteristics of different types of polystyrene building exterior wall thermal insulation materials. The results show that TPS has good flammability and is easy to explode, with a shorter ignition time and low fire performance index. The fire thermal hazard and fire smoke risk of TPS are relatively small compared to EPS and GEPS. Overall, TPS has better flammability and fire risk performance than EPS and GEPS.
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Feng Jiang, Jianyong Liu, Wei Yuan, Jianbo Yan, Lin Wang, Dong Liang
Summary: The proposed modification scheme of spraying fire-retardant coatings on the cable tray in an oil storage company has been shown to effectively improve the fire protection of key cables connected to firefighting and safety equipment. Experimental results indicate that the failure time of cables can be significantly delayed by using fire-retardant coatings, with thicker coatings having a better fireproof effect. Fire-retardant coatings were found to be more effective in fire protection than fire-resistant cotton.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yoshimichi Ohki, Naoshi Hirai
Summary: The experimental examination of the spatial resolution of a cable fault location method using frequency domain reflectometry demonstrated the method's ability to accurately locate abnormalities in a cable with a resolution of up to half a meter.
IEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Haidar Samet, Mohsen Tajdinian, Saeed Khaleghian, Teymoor Ghanbari
Summary: This paper proposes a method to detect and discriminate incipient faults in power systems by comparing the waveform of measured voltage with the estimated fundamental component using a Kalman filter algorithm. The method involves two stages, where event detection is carried out by comparing standard deviations of errors in the first stage, and incipient fault identification is conducted based on the non-attenuating characteristic and quasi-periodic nature of the faults in the second stage. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified through computer simulations with different electric arc models and real experimental data.
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Qiyuan Xie, Tai Gong, Xinyan Huang
Summary: The study revealed that flame-retardant cables are susceptible to ignition under certain conditions and can spread rapidly with external heat radiation. The increase in cable surface temperature significantly affects the rate of upward flame spread, potentially leading to auto-ignition.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Yiwen Shi, Xiangrong Chen, Fan-Bo Meng, Zelin Hong, Muhammad Awais, Ashish Paramane
Summary: This study investigates the influence of three different voltage stabilizers on the insulation properties of cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE). The results show that the addition of the voltage stabilizers enhances the DC resistivity and DC breakdown strength of the XLPE, which also inhibits the accumulation of space charges in the XLPE.
ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Jinlong Zhao, Hanchao Ma, Hong Huang, Jianping Zhang, Youliang Chen
Summary: This paper investigates the thermo-oxidative degradation process of PVC-based mining cable sheath and develops an oxidative pyrolysis model based on experimental and numerical studies. The findings reveal that the degradation processes of the cable sheath are more complicated than pure PVC, with seven distinct steps. By calculating the kinetic parameters, the reaction mechanisms and associated kinetics are determined, which can be applied in pyrolysis and fire modeling, waste recycling, and risk assessment.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Hugues Pretrel, Pascal Zavaleta, Sylvain Suard
Summary: This work investigates the influence of sidewalls and cable arrangements on the behavior of fire in horizontal cable trays. Large-scale fire tests and simulations were conducted to analyze the effects. The presence of a sidewall increased the fire heat release rate, while a tight cable arrangement reduced it. The results were in agreement with the predictions of the FLASHCAT model.
FIRE AND MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Tarek Beji, Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi
Summary: The paper presents experimental measurements of transient profiles of burning rates and liquid temperatures in methanol and heptane pool fires. The results suggest significant enhancement in heat transfer due to convective motion within the liquid. Additionally, a two-zone approach for the thermal structure within the liquid has been proposed and will be implemented in a numerical code.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Walter Klein-Hessling
Summary: Fire simulations and analytical validation approaches are becoming increasingly important in the fire safety assessment of nuclear power plants. The COCOSYS code has been improved to better simulate cable fires and has been validated through experiments. It provides a set of input parameters for different ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bing Wu, Yu Meng, Yongzheng Yao, Baiwei Lei, Jingxin Wang, Junjie Zhai
Summary: Underground laneway fires have a throttling effect on ventilation systems and the amount of CO produced by combustion is significantly influenced by ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ahmad Hassan, Gilbert Accary, Duncan Sutherland, Khalid Moinuddin
Summary: Numerical simulations were conducted to study laboratory-scale junction fires with a shrub fuel bed under different unidirectional wind conditions on various terrain slopes and junction angles. The results showed that the decrease in junction angle enhanced fire spread, and the impact of wind speed on fire behavior depended on the intermediate values of the junction angle. The driving heat transfer mode in junction fires varied based on the presence of wind and slope conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Samuel Vaux, Emeline Georges, Hugues Pretrel
Summary: This study investigates an elevated pool fire scenario in a confined and forced ventilated compartment through both experimental and numerical methods. The objective is to enhance the understanding of the phenomena and evaluate the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) capabilities in this configuration. The comparison between large-scale fire tests and numerical simulations reveals differences in fuel mass loss rate and thermal stratifications between elevated and ground fires. The study also highlights the limitations of the predictive approach commonly used for ground fires when applied to elevated fires.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mira von der Linde, Meinald T. Thielsch
Summary: This study investigates the motivation, emotions, and value of laypeople in fire incidents and finds that their active involvement provides support. The findings are helpful for emergency managers.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Hong-Zeng Yu, Xiangyang Zhou
Summary: This study conducted fire tests to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating nitrogen to enhance the fire extinguishing capability of water mist in an obstructed, naturally-ventilated enclosure. The results showed that adding nitrogen did improve the water mist's fire extinguishing capability, although the extent of improvement varied depending on the fire size, obstruction, and ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Rosaria Ono, Marcos Vargas Valentim, Fulvio Vittorino
Summary: This study presents the analysis of unimpeded walking speed of primary school children in descending movement in stairs, including the differences on walking speeds on the flights and landings and the impact of anthropo-metrical data on their walking speed. The research aimed to provide data for evacuation modelling that is not influenced by factors like crowds or adults controlling the flow. The findings show that anthropometrical characteristics or age do not significantly affect the children's movement in free walking condition, and the reduction factor on flights for children is higher than commonly adopted in simulation models.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Nicolas Correa, Juan Cuevas, Andres Fuentes, Jose Luis Torero, Pedro Reszka
Summary: The use of mass timber framing in high-rise buildings requires accurate structural fire performance calculations. A thermal model incorporating char oxidation is proposed in this study, and its effectiveness is validated by replicating experimental results. However, the model fails to accurately simulate the behavior during the later stages of surface combustion.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi, Pascal Boulet, Elmehdi Koutaiba, Tarek Beji
Summary: This paper presents a series of 48 enclosure fire experiments conducted in a 1.40 m cubic compartment. A new oscillatory combustion regime is discovered, characterized by alternations between well-ventilated and under-ventilated conditions. This finding calls for a better understanding and further analysis of the underlying physics.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Shenggang Fan, Xingyang Zheng, Jiacheng Zheng, Meijing Liu, Daoyang Dong
Summary: Based on experimental data and constitutive models, a simplified constitutive model of AISI304 stainless steel at high temperatures was proposed and analyzed in this study. Finite element analysis results showed that the simplified constitutive model produced acceptable results compared to the constitutive model fitted based on experimental data, indicating its feasibility and accuracy in calculating the fire resistance of specimens.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Julian E. Mendez, Martyn S. McLaggan, David Lange
Summary: The study characterised the fire spread dynamics in a simplified ventilated facade by conducting parametric experiments. The results showed a strong relationship between flame height and heat release rate. It was also found that the time for encapsulation failure and subsequent cladding material core ignition decreased as the cavity width was reduced. The study highlights the importance of considering the interaction of the products used in the facade and its geometry for the design of facade assemblies when accounting for the fire performance of the system.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
A. Galgano, C. Di Blasi
Summary: A sensitivity analysis was conducted on a one-dimensional solid-gas model for the ignition of thick poly (methyl methacrylate). The study found that the kinetics of polymer decomposition and monomer combustion play a crucial role in ignition time, and the properties of the polymer and the decomposition atmosphere should be properly considered.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Thomas Gernay
Summary: This paper provides an overview of the application of the Performance-Based Design approach in structural fire design. The value of the approach is demonstrated through case studies, and the process and role of the structural fire engineer are described. Recent research conducted at Johns Hopkins University, including issues such as the coupling between fire and thermal-structural models, characterization of material behavior at elevated temperature, numerical modeling of structures in fire, probabilistic risk assessment, and cost-benefit analyses, is discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges and future perspectives for performance-based structural fire design.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Salman Ahmad, Hafiz Usman Ahmed, Asad Ali, Xinyi Yang, Ying Huang, Mingwei Guo, Yihao Ren, Pan Lu
Summary: This study investigates the driving behavior patterns of individuals during historical wildfire events and reveals the influence of driving conditions and wildfires on driving behavior, as well as the differences in driving behavior patterns between rural and urban areas.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)