Article
Construction & Building Technology
Tao Deng, Stuart Norris, Rajnish N. Sharma
Summary: In a windy environment, the flame geometry of liquid fuel fires can be described by the flame tilt angle and base drag length. This study used numerical simulations with the FDS code to model three typical fire sizes in a longitudinally ventilated tunnel and a windy open space, and validated the CFD modeling methodology against experimental data. The findings showed that weak ventilation in the tunnel led to a backlayering flow, causing a two-layer flow pattern upstream and affecting the flame geometry. Unlike open fires, the tunnel area and heat release rate were found to be additional factors influencing the flame geometry.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Thermodynamics
Huaxian Wan, Yueyue Xiao, Shuqi Wei, Yuchun Zhang, Yasushi Oka
Summary: This study experimentally investigated the flame extension below the ceiling induced by two unequal square gaseous fires in a 1:10 scale tunnel. The flame length and tilt angle were analyzed based on the measured gas temperatures. A new model for flame length and a merging criterion were proposed. The results provide useful references for personal evacuation, fire rescue, and risk assessment in tunnels.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Kun He, Xudong Cheng, Ying Zhen Li, Haukur Ingason, Zhicheng Shi, Hui Yang, Heping Zhang
Summary: This study investigated the diffusion flame characteristics of double fires generated from separated burners in a naturally ventilated tunnel, considering different heat release rates and fire separation distances. The results showed changes in flame tilt angle, horizontal projected flame length, and vertical flame length with increasing fire separation distance. Critical flame merging separation distance was found to be greater than that of two fires in an open environment due to fire-induced air flows.
TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Kuibin Zhou
Summary: This paper investigates the effect of flow separation on the linear flame behavior in the presence of crosswind. The study includes experimental and numerical simulations, considering various factors such as burner rim distance, wind speed, and heat release rate. The results reveal the occurrence of a reverse flame along the upstream direction, caused by the interaction between flow separation and burning flame. The study also analyzes the impact of flow separation on flame geometry and presents a critical criterion for the appearance and disappearance of the reverse flame.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Chuangang Fan, Dia Luan, Zhengyang Wang
Summary: Pool spacing and cross wind affect the fire spread and flame interaction between liquid fires. The shielding effect of the upstream flame restricts air entrainment and negatively affects fuel burning in the downstream flame. The flame tilt angle is determined by horizontal wind, vertical fire buoyancy, and pool spacing. The flame length is influenced by both cross wind and pool spacing through changes in burning rate, and flame merging probability increases with decreasing pool spacing and increasing wind velocity.
Article
Energy & Fuels
Changchun Liu, Linyuan Huang, Tiandiao Deng, Hua Jiang, Pengzhi Wu, Bo Liu, Jun Deng, Zhenmin Luo
Summary: This study investigated the influence of different rear bottom wall lengths on jet diffusion flames under cross-wind conditions. The experimental results showed that the bottom wall had a significant effect on flame blow-out limit, shape, length, and tilt angle. Exceeding a certain length, the rear bottom wall caused the flames to lift-off easily, and the flames adhered to the bottom wall due to the Coanda effect. The empirical formula of flame tilt angle was obtained by analogy analysis and exhibited good correlation with experimental data.
Article
Thermodynamics
Zhen Chen, Xiaolin Wei, Teng Li
Summary: An experimental study was conducted to investigate flame characteristics and temperature profiles for single and multiple pool fires under the influence of cross wind. The study found three phases of flame evolution - preheating, steady burning, and extinguishing phase. Different flame temperatures and burning rates were observed for different pool fire configurations, with comparisons made to predicted methods. The flame morphology was analyzed for different wind speeds, showing agreement with certain models for single pool fires but not for multiple pool fires. Temperature profiles were also measured for different scenarios and wind speeds.
JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Thermodynamics
Youbo Huang, Yanfeng Li, Jiaxin Li
Summary: Reduced scale experiments were conducted to investigate the geometry of LPG flames in branched tunnel fires under different airflow velocities. The results show that the flame tilts downward towards multiple entrances under natural ventilation, due to the asymmetry of the tunnel cross-section dimensions. A correlation between the flame tilt angle and heat release rate was established, and the predictions using this correlation agreed well with the experimental data. The flame length increased with the heat release rate and was elongated by airflow. Empirical models for dimensionless flame length were developed for both natural and longitudinal ventilation.
COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Xu Fang, Longhua Hu, Ang Qiu, Xiaolei Zhang, Kazunori Kuwana
Summary: This study experimentally characterized the cellular flame structures and thermal characteristics of axi-symmetric ceiling fires. The results showed a power relationship between the length and heat release rate of the cellular flame, which can be expressed by a specific function. The research also studied the characteristic cell size and spatial evolution of the cellular flame, obtaining important findings.
COMBUSTION AND FLAME
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Kuibin Zhou, Mengya Zhou, Mengyuan Huang, Yifan Wang
Summary: This paper presents a systematic investigation on the jet fire in a pit, including the variations of gas entrainment mode and flame behavior. A dimensionless heat release rate coupling the pit geometrical property is developed to correlate the flame area and length, which is validated by experimental data. Models for predicting the thermal radiation of the jet fire are proposed.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Kuibin Zhou, Mengya Zhou, Mengyuan Huang, Yifan Wang
Summary: This paper systematically investigates jet fire in a pit (JFP) caused by the explosion of underground pipelines. The study observes different types of flames and develops correlations for flame length and width in various pits, as well as proposes models to predict thermal radiation. The research indicates that flame buoyancy becomes more significant than nozzle exit momentum as the nozzle exit velocity increases, leading to the evolution of JFP behavior.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Energy & Fuels
Chunxiang Liu, Tairun Lai, Hao Zhang, Ping Huang, Kaihong Lin, Yuchao Lin, Man Li
Summary: This paper investigates the morphology of turbulent diffusion flames under slope conditions with varying aspect ratios. The results show that the presence of a slope affects the flame tilt angle, flame length, and flame height. Additionally, new models considering the slope angle and aspect ratio of the fire source are established and verified.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Xiao Chen, Zhiwei Ding, Shouxiang Lu
Summary: The study experimentally investigated the combined effect of sidewall height and cross air flow on the mass burning rate, flame height, and flame tilt behavior of pool fire. Results showed that the mass burning rate increases with cross wind velocity while the presence of sidewalls affects the rate, and a dimensionless parameter was introduced to illustrate this effect. Then, the study further examined the impact of sidewall height on burning rate, flame height, and flame tilt angle of pool fire.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Yubo Bi, Zhian Yang, Haiyong Cong, Mingshu Bi, Wei Gao
Summary: This study experimentally and theoretically investigated the effect of inclined surface on pool fire behavior. The results showed that the flame tilt angle and length increased with inclination angle, while the flame height decreased. The flame pulsation frequency decreased with increasing inclination angle.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Thermodynamics
Giovanni Di Cristina, Nicholas S. Skowronski, Albert Simeoni, Ali S. Rangwala, Seong-kyun Im
Summary: The study experimentally investigated the forced flow driven flame spread behavior along an array of discrete wooden fuel elements, categorizing the flame spread behavior into different regimes under various spacing-flow speed conditions and presenting them in a flammability map. Visual analysis of video data was used to describe the changing flame behavior and increasing discretization of the overall flame structure as the flow speed increases. An analysis of fluid mechanics and heat transfer conditions revealed a correlation between Stanton number (St) and Damkohler number (Da) with the onset of flame instabilities and quenching.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Cecilia S. Lam, Elizabeth J. Weckman
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2015)
Article
Materials Science, Characterization & Testing
Matthew J. DiDomizio, Elizabeth J. Weckman
JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION
(2016)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Matthew J. DiDomizio, Patrick Mulherin, Elizabeth J. Weckman
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2016)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Izabella Vermesi, Matthew J. DiDomizio, Franz Richter, Elizabeth J. Weckman, Guillermo Rein
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2017)
Editorial Material
Engineering, Civil
Elizabeth Weckman
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2017)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Duy Le, Jeffrey Labahn, Tarek Beji, Cecile B. Devaud, Elizabeth J. Weckman, Abderrazzaq Bounagui
JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES
(2018)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Luke D. Robson, David A. Torvi, Matthew R. Obach, Elizabeth J. Weckman
FIRE AND MATERIALS
(2016)
Article
Engineering, Civil
A. Brown, M. Bruns, M. Gollner, J. Hewson, G. Maragkos, A. Marshall, R. McDermott, B. Merci, T. Rogaume, S. Stoliarov, J. Torero, A. Trouve, Y. Wang, E. Weckman
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2018)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jennifer Ellingham, Matthew J. DiDomizio, Elizabeth J. Weckman
FIRE AND MATERIALS
(2020)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Margaret McNamee, Brian Meacham, Patrick van Hees, Luke Bisby, W. K. Chow, Alexis Coppalle, Ritsu Dobashi, Bogdan Dlugogorski, Rita Fahy, Charles Fleischmann, Jason Floyd, Edwin R. Galea, Michael Gollner, Tuula Hakkarainen, Anthony Hamins, Longhua Hu, Peter Johnson, Bjorn Karlsson, Bart Merci, Yoshifuni Ohmiya, Guillermo Rein, Arnaud Trouve, Yi Wang, Beth Weckman
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2019)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Bronwyn Forrest, Elizabeth Weckman, Matt DiDomizio, Peter Senez, Noah Ryder
Summary: Modern energy efficient homes in Canada are well-sealed, which leads to less air leakage and moisture propagation compared to older homes, but their impact on fire dynamics remains unclear. This study investigated furniture fires in ventilation-limited residential structures to provide new insights into the growth and impact of fires in energy efficient buildings, including changes in smoke evolution and oxygen concentrations. The results highlight the importance of further research in understanding the behavior of fires in modern energy efficient homes.
FIRE AND MATERIALS
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Multidisciplinary
Noah L. Ryder, Justin A. Geiman, Elizabeth J. Weckman
Summary: The ultimate goal of placing fire detection systems in buildings and structures is to detect fires quickly and predict fire behavior faster than real time to deliver relevant information to stakeholders. Developing detection systems with decreased detection time, better discrimination against false alarms, and real-time monitoring of fire state is crucial. The potential benefits of using building sensors for rapid fire detection, fire state determination, and fire forecasting are significant.
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Benjamin Nicoletta, John Gales, Panagiotis Kotsovinos, Beth Weckman
Summary: This research aims to understand the thermal response of steel stay-cables under exposure to a pool fire. Multiple varieties of stay-cables are heated by a methanol pool fire and instrumented with thermocouples to calculate thermal strains and deformations. Results show a normalization of cross-sectional temperatures, comparisons of heat transfer behaviors, novel thermal rotational effects, and underestimation of cable thermal expansion by current predictive values.
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Review
Engineering, Civil
Matthew J. DiDomizio, Vusal Ibrahimli, Elizabeth J. Weckman
Summary: The cone calorimeter is commonly used to measure the fire performance of solid materials exposed to radiant heating. This study aimed to review literature on testing liquids using the cone calorimeter and provide recommendations for a standardized testing protocol. The findings show the importance of proper experimental conditions and apparatus selection in conducting accurate and consistent cone calorimeter tests for liquids.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Tarek Beji, Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi
Summary: The paper presents experimental measurements of transient profiles of burning rates and liquid temperatures in methanol and heptane pool fires. The results suggest significant enhancement in heat transfer due to convective motion within the liquid. Additionally, a two-zone approach for the thermal structure within the liquid has been proposed and will be implemented in a numerical code.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Walter Klein-Hessling
Summary: Fire simulations and analytical validation approaches are becoming increasingly important in the fire safety assessment of nuclear power plants. The COCOSYS code has been improved to better simulate cable fires and has been validated through experiments. It provides a set of input parameters for different ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bing Wu, Yu Meng, Yongzheng Yao, Baiwei Lei, Jingxin Wang, Junjie Zhai
Summary: Underground laneway fires have a throttling effect on ventilation systems and the amount of CO produced by combustion is significantly influenced by ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Ahmad Hassan, Gilbert Accary, Duncan Sutherland, Khalid Moinuddin
Summary: Numerical simulations were conducted to study laboratory-scale junction fires with a shrub fuel bed under different unidirectional wind conditions on various terrain slopes and junction angles. The results showed that the decrease in junction angle enhanced fire spread, and the impact of wind speed on fire behavior depended on the intermediate values of the junction angle. The driving heat transfer mode in junction fires varied based on the presence of wind and slope conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Samuel Vaux, Emeline Georges, Hugues Pretrel
Summary: This study investigates an elevated pool fire scenario in a confined and forced ventilated compartment through both experimental and numerical methods. The objective is to enhance the understanding of the phenomena and evaluate the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) capabilities in this configuration. The comparison between large-scale fire tests and numerical simulations reveals differences in fuel mass loss rate and thermal stratifications between elevated and ground fires. The study also highlights the limitations of the predictive approach commonly used for ground fires when applied to elevated fires.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mira von der Linde, Meinald T. Thielsch
Summary: This study investigates the motivation, emotions, and value of laypeople in fire incidents and finds that their active involvement provides support. The findings are helpful for emergency managers.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Hong-Zeng Yu, Xiangyang Zhou
Summary: This study conducted fire tests to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating nitrogen to enhance the fire extinguishing capability of water mist in an obstructed, naturally-ventilated enclosure. The results showed that adding nitrogen did improve the water mist's fire extinguishing capability, although the extent of improvement varied depending on the fire size, obstruction, and ventilation conditions.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Rosaria Ono, Marcos Vargas Valentim, Fulvio Vittorino
Summary: This study presents the analysis of unimpeded walking speed of primary school children in descending movement in stairs, including the differences on walking speeds on the flights and landings and the impact of anthropo-metrical data on their walking speed. The research aimed to provide data for evacuation modelling that is not influenced by factors like crowds or adults controlling the flow. The findings show that anthropometrical characteristics or age do not significantly affect the children's movement in free walking condition, and the reduction factor on flights for children is higher than commonly adopted in simulation models.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Nicolas Correa, Juan Cuevas, Andres Fuentes, Jose Luis Torero, Pedro Reszka
Summary: The use of mass timber framing in high-rise buildings requires accurate structural fire performance calculations. A thermal model incorporating char oxidation is proposed in this study, and its effectiveness is validated by replicating experimental results. However, the model fails to accurately simulate the behavior during the later stages of surface combustion.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Bouaza Lafdal, Rabah Mehaddi, Pascal Boulet, Elmehdi Koutaiba, Tarek Beji
Summary: This paper presents a series of 48 enclosure fire experiments conducted in a 1.40 m cubic compartment. A new oscillatory combustion regime is discovered, characterized by alternations between well-ventilated and under-ventilated conditions. This finding calls for a better understanding and further analysis of the underlying physics.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Shenggang Fan, Xingyang Zheng, Jiacheng Zheng, Meijing Liu, Daoyang Dong
Summary: Based on experimental data and constitutive models, a simplified constitutive model of AISI304 stainless steel at high temperatures was proposed and analyzed in this study. Finite element analysis results showed that the simplified constitutive model produced acceptable results compared to the constitutive model fitted based on experimental data, indicating its feasibility and accuracy in calculating the fire resistance of specimens.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Julian E. Mendez, Martyn S. McLaggan, David Lange
Summary: The study characterised the fire spread dynamics in a simplified ventilated facade by conducting parametric experiments. The results showed a strong relationship between flame height and heat release rate. It was also found that the time for encapsulation failure and subsequent cladding material core ignition decreased as the cavity width was reduced. The study highlights the importance of considering the interaction of the products used in the facade and its geometry for the design of facade assemblies when accounting for the fire performance of the system.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
A. Galgano, C. Di Blasi
Summary: A sensitivity analysis was conducted on a one-dimensional solid-gas model for the ignition of thick poly (methyl methacrylate). The study found that the kinetics of polymer decomposition and monomer combustion play a crucial role in ignition time, and the properties of the polymer and the decomposition atmosphere should be properly considered.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Thomas Gernay
Summary: This paper provides an overview of the application of the Performance-Based Design approach in structural fire design. The value of the approach is demonstrated through case studies, and the process and role of the structural fire engineer are described. Recent research conducted at Johns Hopkins University, including issues such as the coupling between fire and thermal-structural models, characterization of material behavior at elevated temperature, numerical modeling of structures in fire, probabilistic risk assessment, and cost-benefit analyses, is discussed. The paper concludes with a discussion of challenges and future perspectives for performance-based structural fire design.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Salman Ahmad, Hafiz Usman Ahmed, Asad Ali, Xinyi Yang, Ying Huang, Mingwei Guo, Yihao Ren, Pan Lu
Summary: This study investigates the driving behavior patterns of individuals during historical wildfire events and reveals the influence of driving conditions and wildfires on driving behavior, as well as the differences in driving behavior patterns between rural and urban areas.
FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL
(2024)