Article
Water Resources
Jonas Bayuo
Summary: Utilizing unmodified Shea fruit shells as a biosorbent for Cd(II) removal from synthetic wastewater was found to be dependent on parameters such as pH, contact time, temperature, and initial concentration. The adsorption process was best represented by the Freundlich isotherm and was determined to be chemisorption. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the process was endothermic and spontaneous.
APPLIED WATER SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Dora Luz Gomez-Aguilar, Juan Pablo Rodriguez-Miranda, Octavio Jose Salcedo-Parra
Summary: This study aims to review scientific articles published between 2010 and 2021 on the use of fruit peels as a sustainable waste for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. The findings show that lemon, banana, mango, and other fruit peels can effectively remove heavy metals from wastewater.
Article
Polymer Science
Carlos A. Ligarda-Samanez, David Choque-Quispe, Henry Palomino-Rincon, Betsy S. Ramos-Pacheco, Elibet Moscoso-Moscoso, Mary L. Huaman-Carrion, Diego E. Peralta-Guevara, Mirian E. Obregon-Yupanqui, Jimmy Aroni-Huaman, Eyner Y. Bravo-Franco, Wilbert Palomino-Rincon, German de la Cruz
Summary: This study evaluated different biosorbents from Rumex acetosella weed for the removal of metal cations in wastewater. The mixed treatment with particle size of 250 μm showed the best performance, removing up to 96.14% of lead. Thermal analysis and structural characteristics indicated that the new biosorbents had higher chelating capacity. The Langmuir and pseudo-second order models provided better fit to the adsorption data. These new biosorbents could be used economically and efficiently in wastewater treatment.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Eman Abdullah M. Ali, Mohsen A. Sayed, Tahany M. A. Abdel-Rahman, Rabab Hussein
Summary: The study aimed at removing Cd(ii) from wastewater using fungal biomass immobilized on loofa sponges or in Ca-alginate beads. The optimal conditions for maximum Cd(ii) sorption capacity were pH 7.0, thirty minutes contact time, and 0.5 mol l(-1) initial Cd(ii) concentration for all sorbents used. Fungal cells immobilized showed enhanced removal of Cd(ii) compared to free cells in real wastewater samples collected from two Egyptian industrial plants.
Article
Microbiology
Violeta Jakovljevic, Sandra Grujic, Zoran Simic, Aleksandar Ostojic, Ivana Radojevic
Summary: This study identified species and combinations of indigenous microorganisms with high biosorption activity for heavy metals, and demonstrated the potential application of mixed biofilms in heavy metal removal processes.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Water Resources
A. M. Rajalakshmi, T. Silambarasan, R. Dhandapani
Summary: This study investigated the small scale photo bioreactor treatment of tannery effluent using Chlorella sp. isolated from Yercaud lake, India. Results showed a significant reduction in heavy metals content in the effluent, with the microalgae demonstrating good biosorption ability against various heavy metal pollutants.
APPLIED WATER SCIENCE
(2021)
Review
Environmental Sciences
Amina Othmani, Sara Magdouli, P. Senthil Kumar, Ashish Kapoor, Padmanaban Velayudhaperumal Chellam, Omur Gokkus
Summary: The management of basic natural resources and waste streams is a major challenge in providing a sustainable environment. Current remedial approaches focus on recovering pure water and converting contaminants, but synthetic adsorbents pose disposal challenges, leading to a shift towards using natural green materials like agricultural waste. Challenges in industrial scale implementation and integration with advanced technologies like nanotechnology are discussed for future prospects.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Alia Besma Abba, Sofiane Saggai, Youcef Touil, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Saber Kouadri, Fatima Zohra Nouasria, Hadee Mohammed Najm, Nuha S. Mashaan, Moutaz Mustafa A. Eldirderi, Khaled Mohamed Khedher
Summary: The study investigates the composition and structure of aluminum sludge for its use as a natural material to remove heavy metals from wastewater. The results show that a high removal efficiency can be achieved in an acidic medium using a relatively high amount of sludge, but the efficiency is low in a strongly acidic medium.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Muhammad Usama Saeed, Nazim Hussain, Aleena Sumrin, Areej Shahbaz, Saman Noor, Muhammad Bilal, Lotfi Aleya, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
Summary: The demand for innovative waste treatment techniques has increased due to strict waste discharge guidelines. Wastewater treatment is a significant process, requiring high activities and densities of microorganisms. Improperly treated waste from the pharmaceutical industry has harmful impacts on the environment and public health. Bioremediation utilizing microorganisms is a promising technology to remove heavy metals from polluted water and soil. Microorganisms play a crucial role in heavy metal bioremediation. The use of microorganisms in nanoparticle synthesis can reduce industry expenses and contribute to sustainable production.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2022)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Sivasubramanian Manikandan, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Ramasamy Subbaiya, Guruviah Karthiga Devi, Ramaswamy Arulvel, Balasubramani Ravindran, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
Summary: Global water supply is facing challenges due to population growth, climate change, and water quality degradation. Nanotechnology is needed for integrated water management, utilizing nanomaterials to remove toxic ions and pollutants, with nanomembranes playing a key role in water treatment.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Muhammad Zubair, M. S. Roopesh, Aman Ullah
Summary: In this study, feather keratin derived biosorbents were synthesized using water dispersed graphene oxide. The cross-linking of feather keratin with graphene oxide was successfully achieved, resulting in increased surface area and morphological changes. The biosorbents showed excellent performance in removing metal oxyanions and cations from polluted water. The electrostatic interaction, chelation, and complexation were found to be the primary contributors in the biosorption mechanism. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of modifying chicken feather keratin with graphene oxide for removing multiple trace metal ions from contaminated water.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Manar K. K. Abd Elnabi, Nehal E. E. Elkaliny, Maha M. M. Elyazied, Shimaa H. H. Azab, Shawky A. A. Elkhalifa, Sohaila Elmasry, Moustafa S. S. Mouhamed, Ebrahim M. M. Shalamesh, Naira A. A. Alhorieny, Abeer E. E. Abd Elaty, Ibrahim M. M. Elgendy, Alaa E. E. Etman, Kholod E. E. Saad, Konstantina Tsigkou, Sameh S. S. Ali, Michael Kornaros, Yehia A. -G. Mahmoud
Summary: The accumulation of both natural and anthropogenic sources of metals in the ecosystem has led to increasing concerns over heavy metal (HM) pollution. Human exposure to HMs, such as mercury, arsenic, lead, chromium, and cadmium, has become a significant environmental and health issue. These HMs can cause acute or chronic poisoning through water, air, or food. Their bioaccumulation in the body leads to various toxic effects on organs and tissues, primarily through the production of reactive oxygen species, enzyme inactivation, and oxidative stress. Conventional techniques for HM removal are limited, especially when the HM concentration is low. Microbial bioremediation, utilizing organisms like fungi and bacteria, has emerged as a potential solution due to their superior biosorption and bioaccumulation capabilities. This review aims to provide insights into HM uptake, toxicity mechanisms, and the management of metal poisoning through the selection of microbial remediation technology.
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Keerti Jain, Anand S. Patel, Vishwas P. Pardhi, Swaran Jeet Singh Flora
Summary: Clean and safe water is a fundamental human need, but the generation of wastewater has severely polluted water sources, leading to millions of deaths annually due to consumption of water contaminated by deleterious pathogens. Nanotechnology, with its promising characteristics such as high sensitivity, high adsorption capacity, and ease of functionalization, has shown remarkable feats in the field of wastewater treatment.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Mysoon M. Al-Ansari, Hicham Benabdelkamel, Reem H. AlMalki, Anas M. Abdel Rahman, Eman Alnahmi, Afshan Masood, Soundharrajan Ilavenil, Ki Choon Choi
Summary: The study evaluated the potential of a biocatalyst strain for heavy metal removal and identified a bacterial strain suitable for such removal; it found that SBR could efficiently remove heavy metals from wastewater within 10 hours and also exhibited good removal efficacy for other pollutants in water.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rohit Sharma, Teenu Jasrotia, Rajeev Kumar, Raman Kumar, Asma A. Alothman, Murefah mana AL-Anazy, Khadraa N. Alqahtani, Ahmad Umar
Summary: This study demonstrates the interactions of diverse fungal species for the removal of hazardous multi-metals from aqueous solutions through the manipulation of cell concentrations. By constructing microbial consortia, removal rates of over 95% for lead and nickel were achieved. The research also validates the relationship between biosorption capacity and efficiency of the novel consortium under different conditions.
Article
Engineering, Chemical
M. Alejandra Quintana, Rafael R. Solis, M. Angeles Martin-Lara, Gabriel Blazquez, F. Monica Calero, Mario J. Munoz-Batisa
Summary: This study proposes the use of boron to modify the structure of graphitic carbon nitride, enhancing its photocatalytic activity. The choice of boron precursor affects the positions at which boron atoms replace carbon and nitrogen in the structure, leading to significant effects on photocatalytic activity. Specifically, the sample modified with NaBH4 shows the highest oxidation rate and selectivity.
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Gabriel Blazquez, Maria Angeles Martin-Lara, Irene Ianez-Rodriguez, Ines Morales, Antonio Perez, Monica Calero
Summary: This study focused on the dynamic adsorption of cobalt from aqueous solutions by vegetal residue from intensive greenhouse cultivation. The results showed that the feed-flow rate had the greatest impact on cobalt adsorption. An ANFIS model was used to predict cobalt adsorption and determine the optimal operating conditions. The experimental and model outputs demonstrated high accuracy, with R-2 values above 0.999.
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Marco F. Paucar-Sanchez, Monica Calero, Gabriel Blazquez, Rafael R. Solis, Mario J. Munoz-Batista, M. Angeles Martin-Lara
Summary: This study investigates the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of different types of plastic waste and a real mixture. The yields of gas, liquid, and solid products vary significantly depending on the polymer type. Expanded polystyrene produces the highest gas yield, high-impact polystyrene yields the most oil, and polypropylene film releases the most char. High-impact polystyrene also produces the highest yield of gasoline-range product, mainly composed of aromatics compounds.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Chemical
Monica Calero, Rafael R. Solis, Mario J. Munoz-Batista, Antonio Perez, Gabriel Blazquez, Ma Angeles Martin-Lara
Summary: Different plastics from solid waste were sorted and analyzed by pyrolysis. The oil yield varied among different types of plastics, with EPS > PP > PE > HIPS > PET > PVC. The composition of the produced oils differed as well, with HIPS and EPS oils being aromatic, PVC and PET oils containing a significant amount of aromatics, and PE oil rich in olefins. Methane was the dominant gas component in all pyrolysis gases, followed by ethane.
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Environmental
Ana Ligero, Monica Calero, Antonio Perez, Rafael R. Solis, Mario J. Munoz-Batista, M. Angeles Martin-Lara
Summary: Chemical recycling of plastic waste through pyrolysis is a potential approach, but little attention has been given to the reuse of the resulting char residue. This study focuses on the preparation of activated carbons from char residues obtained from the pyrolysis of post-consumer plastic waste, which have been applied to CO2 adsorption.
PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Environmental
S. Perez-Huertas, M. Calero, A. Ligero, A. Perez, K. Terpilowski, M. A. Martin-Lara
Summary: In circular economy, plastic materials are recycled through pyrolysis, which generates gas, liquid, and solid products. However, commercial applications for the solid product have not been found yet. This article reviews the preparation and properties of plastic-based activated carbons, and discusses their application for CO2 capture in biogas upgrading processes.
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Veronica Godoy, Joana Correia Prata, Antonio Perez, Joao Pinto da Costa, Teresa Rocha-Santos, Armando C. Duarte
Summary: The main objective of this study was to estimate the microplastic pollution on Costa Nova sandy beach in Portugal using longitudinal and cross-sectional transects. The results showed low variability in data, with median concentrations ranging from 142 to 356 p/kg d.w. in cross-sectional transects, and from 211 to 270 p/kg d.w. in longitudinal transects. Microspheres were the predominant morphology, accounting for over 90% of all samples, and the most abundant microplastics were <200 μm in size. Despite moderate-low tourist activity, microplastic contamination was higher in Costa Nova compared to other Portuguese beaches, possibly due to nearby port activities and ocean currents. However, this study highlights the disparity in data caused by different methodologies used in analyzing similar areas.
Review
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Juan Jesus de la Torre Bayo, Maria Angeles Martin-Lara, Monica Calero Hoces, Pedro Miguel Sanchez Castillo, Hector J. Pula, Montserrat Zamorano
Summary: Using science mapping, we analyzed the increasing number of scientific documents on the negative environmental impacts of PPE waste, particularly face masks, used for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. India, China, and Canada emerged as leaders in this research field, focusing on environmental issues and engineering solutions. Our analysis highlighted the significant negative effects of PPE waste on aquatic ecosystems, greenhouse gas emissions, and wildlife. To address these impacts, innovative ecodesign strategies for green production, reuse, and recycling, as well as collaboration with the public to reduce waste at its source, are essential. Implementing a collective, extended producer responsibility system for PPE can ensure sustainable production and consumption, contributing to the achievement of sustainable development goals.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Francisco Ortega, Maria Angeles Martin-Lara, Hector J. Pula, Montserrat Zamorano, Monica Calero, Gabriel Blazquez
Summary: This research aims to develop a new strategy to convert wasted COVID-19 masks into useful products through chemical recycling by pyrolysis. The results showed that pyrolysis at different temperatures yielded valuable solid (biochar), liquid (biooil), and syngas products. By using a two-stage pyrolysis catalytic reactor with sepiolite as a catalyst, the final yield of syngas product increased and the composition of biooils changed. The study also examined the effect of sepiolite regeneration on consecutive pyrolysis tests.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Francisco Jose Alarcon, Monica Calero, Salvador Perez-Huertas, Maria Angeles Martin-Lara
Summary: In recent years, both Lean and Six Sigma have gained attention in manufacturing processes for their ability to eliminate waste and reduce production costs. However, their application in the chemical manufacturing sector has been less studied and implemented. This study explores the current trends and perspectives of Lean and Six Sigma integration in chemical manufacturing through a bibliometric analysis, revealing important contributions and discussing future research directions.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Energy & Fuels
M. F. Paucar-Sanchez, M. A. Martin-Lara, M. Calero, G. Blazquez, R. R. Solis, M. J. Munoz-Batista
Summary: This contribution proposes an in-situ catalytic pyrolysis process to valorize rejected plastic wastes from mechanical-biological treatment. It focuses on producing a liquid fraction with similar properties to traditional fuels and utilizes Simulated Distillation, hydrocarbon types analysis, CHNS-O analysis, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for fuel fraction identification. The catalytic structures Sepiolite and Montmorillonites (K10 and K30) are employed, and their properties affecting the catalytic activity and product yields are analyzed. A comparison with hydrocarbons from the petroleum industry is provided to evaluate the technology in the current energy scenario.
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Ana Ligero, Monica Calero, M. Angeles Martin-Lara, Gabriel Blazquez, Rafael R. Solis, Antonio Perez
Summary: The potential use of activated char obtained from the pyrolysis of non-recyclable plastics for CO2 adsorption in fixed-bed columns was investigated. The plastic waste collected from a municipal solid treatment plant was pyrolyzed to produce char residue, which was then activated to create a porous carbonaceous material. Continuous column tests demonstrated successful fitting of breakthrough curves to the dose-response model. The effects of adsorption temperature, CO2 concentration, and bed length on process efficiency were evaluated using surface response methodology.
JOURNAL OF CO2 UTILIZATION
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Physical
M. Calero, V. Godoy, C. Garcia Heras, E. Lozano, S. Arjandas, M. A. Martin-Lara
Summary: In recent years, Europe has strengthened legislation to combat climate change. However, the adoption of these legal measures in Spain lags behind other countries and some financial aspects are underdeveloped. Nevertheless, the approved measures promote the development of biomethane and other renewable gases and aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY & FUELS
(2023)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Yinping Xiang, Meiying Jia, Rui Xu, Jialu Xu, Lele He, Haihao Peng, Weimin Sun, Dongbo Wang, Weiping Xiong, Zhaohui Yang
Summary: This study investigated the impact of the non-antibiotic pharmaceutical carbamazepine on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during anaerobic digestion. The results showed that carbamazepine induced the enrichment of ARGs and increased the abundance of bacteria carrying these genes. It also facilitated microbial aggregation and intercellular communication, leading to an increased frequency of ARGs transmission. Moreover, carbamazepine promoted the acquisition of ARGs by pathogens and elevated their overall abundance.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Weixin Zhao, Tianyi Hu, Hao Ma, Dan Li, Qingliang Zhao, Junqiu Jiang, Liangliang Wei
Summary: This review summarizes the effects and potential mechanisms of biochar on microbial behavior in AD systems. The addition of biochar has been found to promote microbial colonization, alleviate stress, provide nutrients, and enhance enzyme activity. Future research directions include targeted design of biochar, in-depth study of microbial mechanisms, and improved models.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Christina Karmann, Anna Magrova, Pavel Jenicek, Jan Bartacek, Vojtech Kouba
Summary: This review assesses nitrogen removal technologies in reject water treatment, highlighting the differences in environmental impacts and economic benefits. Partial nitritation-anammox shows potential for economic benefits and positive environmental outcomes when operated and controlled properly.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Wei-Hao Huang, Ying-Ju Chang, Duu-Jong Lee
Summary: This study modified pinecone biochar with layered double hydroxide (LDH) to enhance its adsorption capacity for heavy metal and phosphate ions. The LDH-biochar showed significantly improved adsorption capacities for Pb2+ and phosphate, and a slight increase for Cu2+ and Co2+. The LDH layer enhanced the adsorption through various mechanisms.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Chao Song, Fanfan Cai, Shuang Yang, Ligong Wang, Guangqing Liu, Chang Chen
Summary: This paper developed a machine learning model to predict the biochemical methane potential during anaerobic digestion. Model analysis identified lignin content, organic loading, and nitrogen content as key attributes for methane production prediction. For feedstocks with high cellulose content, early methane production is lower but can be improved by prolonging digestion time. Moreover, lignin content exceeding a certain value significantly inhibits methane production.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Sang Min Lee, Ju Young Lee, Ji-Sook Hahn, Seung-Ho Baek
Summary: This study successfully developed an efficient platform strain using Yarrowia lipolytica for the bioconversion of renewable resources into adipic acid, achieving a remarkable increase in production level.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Sefkan Kendir, Matthias Franzreb
Summary: This study presents a novel approach using magnetic separation to efficiently harvest freshwater microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris. By combining pH-induced calcium phosphate precipitation with cheap natural magnetite microparticles, harvesting efficiencies up to 98% were achieved in the model medium.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Ishaq Kariim, Ji-Yeon Park, Wajahat Waheed Kazmi, Hulda Swai, In-Gu Lee, Thomas Kivevele
Summary: The impact of reaction temperature, residence time, and ethanol: acetone on the energy compositions and yield enhancement of biocrudes was investigated. The results showed that under appropriate conditions, biocrudes with high energy and low oxygen content can be obtained, indicating a high potential for utilization.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Xiyue Zhang, Xiyao Li, Liang Zhang, Yongzhen Peng
Summary: Intermittent aeration is an innovative approach to enhance nitrogen removal in low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio municipal sewage, providing an efficient strategy for the continuous plug-flow AOA process.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Xu Yang, Mahmoud Mazarji, Mengtong Li, Aohua Li, Ronghua Li, Zengqiang Zhang, Junting Pan
Summary: This study investigated the impact of magnetite on the nitrogen cycle of pig manure biostabilisation. The addition of magnetite increased N2O emissions and decreased NH3 emissions during composting. It also increased the total nitrogen content but should be considered for its significant increase in N2O emissions in engineering practice.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Review
Agricultural Engineering
Ty Shitanaka, Haylee Fujioka, Muzammil Khan, Manpreet Kaur, Zhi-Yan Du, Samir Kumar Khanal
Summary: The market value of microalgae has exponentially increased in the past two decades, thanks to their applications in various industries. However, the supply of high-value microalgal bioproducts is limited due to several factors, and strategies are being explored to overcome these limitations and improve microalgae production, thus increasing the availability of algal-derived bioproducts in the market.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Martin Kerner, Thorsten Wolff, Torsten Brinkmann
Summary: The efficiency of using enriched CO2 from flue gas for large-scale production of green microalgae has been studied. The results show that the use of membrane devices and static mixers can effectively improve the CO2 recovery rate and maintain the suitable pH and temperature during cultivation, achieving a more economical and sustainable microalgae production.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Rui Ma, Ji Li, Rd Tyagi, Xiaolei Zhang
Summary: This review summarizes the microorganisms capable of using CO2 and CH4 to produce PHAs, illustrating the production process, factors influencing it, and discussing optimization techniques. It identifies the challenges and future prospects for developing economically viable PHAs production using GHGs as a carbon source.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Bing Wang, Peng Zhang, Xu Guo, Xu Bao, Junjie Tian, Guomin Li, Jian Zhang
Summary: The addition of zeolite in the co-composting of chicken manure and straw significantly reduced the emissions of ammonia and N2O, and increased the nitrate content. Zeolite also promoted the abundance of nitrification genes and inhibited the expression of denitrification genes.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
Article
Agricultural Engineering
Rohit Dey, Franziska Ortiz Tena, Song Wang, Josef Martin Messmann, Christian Steinweg, Claudia Thomsen, Clemens Posten, Stefan Leu, Matthias S. Ullrich, Laurenz Thomsen
Summary: This study investigated the operation of a 1000L microalgae-based membrane photobioreactor system for continuous secondary wastewater treatment. The research focused on a green microalgae strain called Desmodesmus sp. The study aimed to understand key trends and optimization strategies by conducting experiments in both summer and winter seasons. The findings showed that maintaining low cell concentrations during periods of light inhibition was beneficial for nutrient uptake rates. Effective strategies for enhancing algae-based wastewater treatment included cell mass recycling and adjusting dilution rates based on light availability.
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
(2024)
