Tracking the Dynamic Folding and Unfolding of RNA G-Quadruplexes in Live Cells

Because of the absence of methods for tracking RNA G-quadruplex dynamics, especially the folding and unfolding of this attractive structure in live cells, understanding of the biological roles of RNA G-quadruplexes is so far limited. Herein, we report a new red-emitting fluorescent probe, QUMA-1, for the selective, continuous, and real-time visualization of RNA G-quadruplexes in live cells. The applications of QUMA-1 in several previously intractable applications, including live-cell imaging of the dynamic folding, unfolding, and movement of RNA G-quadruplexes and the visualization of the unwinding of RNA G-quadruplexes by RNA helicase have been demonstrated. Notably, our real-time results revealed the complexity of the dynamics of RNA G-quadruplexes in live cells. We anticipate that the further application of QUMA-1 in combination with appropriate biological and imaging methods to explore the dynamics of RNA G-quadruplexes will uncover more information about the biological roles of RNA G-quadruplexes.