Longitudinal Weight Change During CKD Progression and Its Association With Subsequent Mortality

Background: Few studies have investigated the changes in weight that may occur over time among adults with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether such weight changes are independently associated with death after the onset of end-stage renal disease has also not been rigorously examined. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting & Participants: We studied 3,933 participants of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study, a longitudinal cohort of patients with CKD. We also performed similar analyses among 1,067 participants of the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK). Predictors: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and weight change during CKD. Outcome: Weight and all-cause mortality after dialysis therapy initiation. Results: During a median follow-up of 5.7 years in CRIC, weight change was not linear. Weight was stable until cystatin C-based eGFR (eGFR(cys)) decreased to <35 mL/min/1.73 m(2); thereafter, weight declined at a mean rate of 1.45 kg (95% CI, 1.19-1.70) for every 10 mL/min/1.73 m(2) decline in eGFR(cys). Among the 770 CRIC participants who began hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis therapy during follow-up, a >5% annualized weight loss after eGFR decreased to <35 mL/min/1.73 m(2) was associated with a 54% higher risk for death after dialysis therapy initiation (95% CI, 1.17-2.03) compared with those with more stable weight (annualized weight changes within 5% of baseline) in adjusted analysis. Similar findings were observed in the AASK. Limitations: Inclusion of research participants only; inability to distinguish intentional versus unintentional weight loss. Conclusions: Significant weight loss began relatively early during the course of CKD and was associated with a substantially higher risk for death after dialysis therapy initiation. Further studies are needed to determine whether interventions to optimize weight and nutritional status before the initiation of dialysis therapy will improve outcomes after end-stage renal disease.