期刊
ACS NANO
卷 12, 期 8, 页码 7875-7882出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02203
关键词
reaction mechanism of lithium/sodium-ion battery; 2D transition metal dichalcogenides; anisotropic lithiation and sodiation; ReS2; in situ transmission electron microscopy
类别
资金
- Center for Electrochemical Energy Science, an Energy Frontier Research Center - U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences [DEAC02-06CH11357]
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)'s Global Research Outreach (GRO) Program
- Initiative for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern (ISEN)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [51702207]
- National Science Foundation [DMR-1505849]
- Soft and Hybrid Nanotechnology Experimental (SHyNE) Resource [NSF NNCI-1542205]
- MRSEC program at the Materials Research Center [NSF DMR-1720139]
The crystallographic orientation of battery electrode materials can significantly impact electrochemical performance, such as rate capability and cycling stability. Among the layered transition metal dichalcogenides, rhenium disulfide (ReS2) has the largest anisotropic ratio between the two main axes in addition to exceptionally weak interlayer coupling, which serves as an ideal system to observe and analyze anisotropy of electrochemical phenomena. Here, we report anisotropic lithiation and sodiation of exfoliated ReS2 at atomic resolution using in situ transmission electron microscopy. These results reveal the role of crystallographic orientation and anisotropy on battery electrode electrochemistry. Complemented with density functional theory calculations, the lithiation of ReS2 is found to begin with intercalation of Li-ions, followed by a conversion reaction that results in Re nanoparticles and Li2S nanocrystals. The reaction speed is highly anisotropic, occurring faster along the in-plane ReS2 layer than along the out-of-plane direction. Sodiation of ReS2 is found to proceed similarly to lithiation, although the intercalation step is relatively quicker. Furthermore, the microstructure and morphology of the reaction products after lithiation/sodiation show clear anisotropy along the in-plane and out-of-plane directions. These results suggest that crystallographic orientation in highly anisotropic electrode materials can be exploited as a design parameter to improve battery electrochemical performance.
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