Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Guofeng Hu, Mahdi Bodaghi
Summary: This paper focuses on the direct 4D printing of thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs) using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method, which allows for the programming of 2D objects during printing for autonomous 2D-to-3D shape transformations through heating. The programming process during printing is investigated through designs and experiments, revealing a nearly linear relationship between prestrain and bending parameters and various printing factors. By demonstrating the potential of direct FDM 4D printing, this study shows that it can create complex 3D structures from simple 2D structures, promoting sustainability by reducing materials, time, energy, and extending service life.
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(2023)
Review
Polymer Science
Abishek Kafle, Eric Luis, Raman Silwal, Houwen Matthew Pan, Pratisthit Lal Shrestha, Anil Kumar Bastola
Summary: This article discusses three widely used polymer-based 3D printing processes - FDM, SLS, and SLA, providing a comparative overview of material-process-properties and advanced requirements for 4D printing. It also serves as a guide for selecting suitable print materials and techniques for polymer-based applications, as well as discussing implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems.
Review
Polymer Science
K. B. Mustapha, Khaled Mohamed Metwalli
Summary: Over the past 10 years, additive manufacturing (AM) has been applied to various fields, with a recent surge of interest in smart material fabrication using FDM. Research focus lies in processing conditions and properties of components, with applications ranging from planar structures to sensitive components. More efforts are needed in smart polymer feedstock synthesis, process simulation, tuning of FDM process, and standardization of tests for characterization.
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Automation & Control Systems
Mohammadreza Lalegani Dezaki, Mahdi Bodaghi
Summary: A novel approach is proposed to encode numerous shapes and forms using magneto-electroactive shape memory polymer composite (SMPC) structures and 4D printing technology. Utilizing this method, multiple stable shapes can be achieved and material waste can be reduced through remote programming.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Muhammad Yasar Razzaq, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Muhammad Farhan, Rohan Das, David Ruch, Stephan Westermann, Daniel F. Schmidt
Summary: This research presents the 4D printing of electro-active triple-shape composites based on thermoplastic blends. The composites were suitable for 3D printing by fused filament fabrication (FFF) and the resulting parts demonstrated the triple-shape effect. By increasing voltages in a stepwise fashion, the printed demonstrators realized the triple-shape effect through a thermo-mechanical programming procedure. The 3D printing of such electroactive composites opens up possibilities for complex shapes with defined geometries and novel methods for triggering shape memory, which could have potential applications in space, robotics, and actuation technologies.
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Shunsuke Yamamura, Eiji Iwase
Summary: A new hybrid hinge structure was proposed in this study to enable elastic folding deformation after 4D printing, with high durability and elasticity maintained even after 500 cycles of folding. The usefulness of the hybrid hinge was demonstrated through the fabrication of a miura-ori and an origami compliant mechanism gripper.
MATERIALS & DESIGN
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Devin J. Roach, Xiaohao Sun, Xirui Peng, Frederic Demoly, Kun Zhou, Hang Jerry Qi
Summary: In this study, a LCE-SMP composite was created using 4D printing technology, which enables rapid and reversible shape changes and tunable shape morphing regulated by cooling rate. The composite has a high stiffness at low temperature to support heavy loads, offering a novel approach for future engineering applications.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Fangfang Wang, Feixiang Luo, Yuanxin Huang, Xiaoshan Cao, Chao Yuan
Summary: This article proposes an efficient and economical 4D printing method that allows for prompt shape change under heat stimulus. By optimizing FDM processing parameters, complex 3D structures with flexibility and high fidelity can be directly constructed, significantly reducing construction time and process complexity.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2023)
Review
Engineering, Manufacturing
Muhammad Yasir Khalid, Zia Ullah Arif, Reza Noroozi, Ali Zolfagharian, Mahdi Bodaghi
Summary: In recent years, there has been increasing interest in additively manufactured shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their multi-functional composites. 4D printing, which utilizes time-responsive programmable materials, has been a fascinating field in additive manufacturing. Stimuli-responsive polymers are capable of retaining their original shapes when exposed to diverse external stimuli. The integration of 4D printing and shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) has led to rapid technological advancements in smart and multi-functional materials. The use of 4D printing for SMPCs has enabled exploration of various engineering applications.
JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
(2022)
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Jifeng Zhang, Zhifu Yin, Luquan Ren, Qingping Liu, Lei Ren, Xue Yang, Xueli Zhou
Summary: This article reviews the research progress of 4D printing SMP, focusing on the excitation methods, response deformation modes, and applications. The authors also highlight the problems and future development directions in terms of printing process, SMP modification, structural design, and multifunctional coupling design.
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES
(2022)
Article
Polymer Science
Waleed Ahmed, Sidra Siraj, Ali H. Al-Marzouqi
Summary: The study demonstrates the significant effect of silica as a filler on the mechanical, thermal, and bulk density properties of composites prepared from recycled polymeric waste, with an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in bulk density observed. The addition of silica influences the characteristics of the polymeric materials, which can be utilized for further research and application in engineering design, transportation, and production processes.
Review
Materials Science, Multidisciplinary
Mohamed Ali Kouka, Fethi Abbassi, Mohamed Habibi, France Chabert, Ali Zghal, Christian Garnier
Summary: This article explores the development and application fields of 4D printing technology, as well as the characteristics and classification of shape memory materials. Additionally, the compatibility of shape memory materials with different types of additive manufacturing processes is discussed.
ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(2023)
Article
Polymer Science
Yang Lyu, Di Liu, Rui Guo, Zhongying Ji, Xiaolong Wang, Xinyan Shi
Summary: This paper investigates a novel 3D printing process that utilizes the Diels-Alder reversible thermoset process to achieve thermoset properties at room temperature and low melt viscosity at print temperature. By introducing reversible dynamic covalent bonding based on the Diels-Alder reversible reaction mechanism, the interlayer bonding and material connectivity of 3D printing products are significantly improved.
Review
Instruments & Instrumentation
Prashant Pingale, Shilpa Dawre, Vividha Dhapte-Pawar, Namdev Dhas, Amarjitsing Rajput
Summary: The advancement of 4D printing is driven by the demand for additive manufacturing and shape-memory materials. It allows the printing of substances that respond to external stimuli and simulate physiological environments. This review focuses on the basics and methods of 4D printing, as well as the time-dependent behavior of stimulus-sensitive compounds. It also discusses material aspects and potential applications in the biomedical sector.
DRUG DELIVERY AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Qiang Zhang, Xiao Kuang, Shayuan Weng, Liang Yue, Devin J. Roach, Daining Fang, Hang Jerry Qi
Summary: A novel 4D printing method has been developed in this study, utilizing multi-material digital light process 3D printing of shape memory polymers to fabricate structures that can later transform into complex 3D shapes with robust mechanical properties through pneumatic manipulation. Experimental investigations demonstrate the capability of printing various complex shapes with strong mechanical stiffness and lightweight features, providing new potential applications in biomedical devices, reconfigurable structures, and metamaterials.
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
(2021)
