Review
Virology
Sara A. Dochnal, Alison K. Francois, Anna R. Cliffe
Summary: Human herpesviruses establish a latent infection in specialized cell types, where their genomes associate with cellular histone proteins and assemble into heterochromatin; The reversible form of heterochromatin known as facultative heterochromatin, characterized by polycomb silencing, allows gene expression and reactivation; Herpesviruses provide an optimal system to study how de novo facultative heterochromatin is targeted to DNA regions and contribute to silencing, which could inform on the mechanism of persistence and reactivation of these pathogenic human viruses.
Review
Cell Biology
Yiran Guo, Gang Greg Wang
Summary: In this review, the multi-faceted roles of Polycomb proteins in gene and genome regulation are discussed, with a focus on recent advances in understanding how Polycomb complexes modulate and define high-order chromatin structure and topology.
FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
(2022)
Review
Virology
Lisa Beatrice Caruso, Davide Maestri, Italo Tempera
Summary: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a widely distributed human gamma-herpesvirus. It is responsible for about 200,000 cancer cases per year. EBV can infect both B cells and epithelial cells. After entering the nucleus, the viral DNA undergoes circularization and chromatinization, establishing a lifelong latent infection. Different types of latency are characterized by different expressions of latent viral genes and the three-dimensional architecture of the viral genome. Various factors, such as CTCF, PARP1, MYC, and Nuclear Lamina, play a central role in the regulation and maintenance of this three-dimensional organization, emphasizing its importance in latency maintenance.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Dingdang Yu, Guoyu Chen, Yuci Wang, Yining Wang, Risheng Lin, Nanbo Liu, Ping Zhu, Hang Liu, Tao Hu, Rui Feng, Haizhong Feng, Fei Lan, Jiabin Cai, Hao Chen
Summary: PDS5A and PDS5B proteins co-localize with RAD21 and CTCF at loop anchors, playing important roles in the formation and size regulation of chromatin loops. Rapid degradation of PDS5A or PDS5B in liver cancer cells results in reduced chromatin loops and increased loop size. PDS5B loss has a stronger impact on RAD21 and CTCF signals at loop anchors compared to PDS5A.
Article
Virology
Pankaj Singh, Donna M. Neumann
Summary: This study reveals that CTCF insulators in HSV-1 genomes are differentially enriched in the cohesin subunit Rad21, suggesting that CTCF-cohesin interactions are establishing and anchoring chromatin loop structures to control viral transcription.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Su-Kyung Kang, Myung-Ju Lee, Ho-Hyun Ryu, Jisu Lee, Myung-Shin Lee
Summary: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked to various diseases, efficient virus production and isolation are crucial for research. DMSO shows promise in enhancing KSHV viral production by affecting its lytic genes, and the activation of JNK is implicated in this process.
FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Yina Zhu, Matthew Denholtz, Hanbin Lu, Cornelis Murre
Summary: The study demonstrates that calcium influx in activated neutrophils rapidly recruits NIPBL to active enhancers and promoters, leading to widespread changes in chromatin folding. The recruitment of NIPBL to enhancers is coordinated with P300, BRG1 and RNA polymerase II occupancy, while its binding to promoters is primarily associated with GC-rich DNA sequences.
GENES & DEVELOPMENT
(2021)
Article
Cell Biology
Yu Zhang, Wei Xie
Summary: Proper higher-order chromatin folding has a significant impact on gene expression. Recent studies have revealed the dynamic changes in chromatin structure during early animal development, including relaxation and establishment of 3D genome organization. Understanding the regulation of chromatin organization and its coordination with other critical events in early development is crucial.
CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT
(2022)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Gabrielle Olley, Madapura M. Pradeepa, Graeme R. Grimes, Sandra Piquet, Sophie E. Polo, David R. FitzPatrick, Wendy A. Bickmore, Charlene Boumendil
Summary: Mutations in the BRD4 gene affect DNA damage signaling and perturb regulation of DNA repair in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2021)
Review
Virology
Siyu Chen, Yue Deng, Dongli Pan
Summary: Herpesviruses are commonly found human pathogens that have the ability to establish latent infection and reactivate. Both viral and cellular microRNAs play a critical role in regulating the latency process. These findings are significant for understanding the mechanisms of viral replication and latency switch, as well as for developing novel therapeutics.
Article
Genetics & Heredity
Shu Zhang, Nadine Uebelmesser, Mariano Barbieri, Argyris Papantonis
Summary: High-resolution Micro-C is used to study the effect of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) loss on chromosome looping. The formation of enhancer-promoter loops depends on RNAPII binding to their anchors. RNAPII plays a role in transcription as well as in setting up regulatory three-dimensional chromatin contacts, including cohesin loop extrusion.
Article
Virology
Sarah A. Clark, Angie Vazquez, Kelsey Furiya, Madeleine K. Splattstoesser, Abdullah K. Bashmail, Haleigh Schwartz, Makaiya Russell, Shun Je Bhark, Osvaldo K. Moreno, Morgan McGovern, Eric R. Owsley, Timothy A. Nelson, Erica L. Sanchez, Tracie Delgado
Summary: Viruses are intracellular parasites that require host cell metabolic machinery to replicate. Using murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) as a model, the metabolic changes during MHV-68 infection and replication were studied. Oncogenic virus infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), are estimated to cause 15% of all cancers. Our study found that MHV-68 infection induces glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. Inhibition of glucose or lipid metabolism resulted in decreased virus production. Targeting host cell metabolism can be used to treat gammaherpesvirus-induced cancers and infections in humans.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Cell Biology
Magdalena A. Karpinska, Aukje Marieke Oudelaar
Summary: Gene expression patterns in complex multicellular organisms are regulated by enhancers, which communicate with their target gene promoters in three-dimensional (3D) chromatin structures. Loop extrusion has been identified as an important process that controls enhancer-promoter communication, but the molecular mechanism behind this regulation is not well understood. This review provides an overview of recent evidence and insights into how loop extrusion contributes to enhancer-mediated gene activation.
CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT
(2023)
Article
Virology
See-Chi Lee, Nenavath Gopal Naik, Dora Tombacz, Gabor Gulyas, Balazs Kakuk, Zsolt Boldogkoi, Kevin Hall, Bernadett Papp, Steeve Boulant, Zsolt Toth
Summary: This study investigates the impact of different stress conditions on the primary infection of oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The results show that hypoxia induces viral lytic gene expression and replication in biologically relevant cell types, which typically establish latency under normoxia. Hypoxia reduces repressive heterochromatin and promotes transcriptionally permissive chromatin formation on the incoming viral DNA, leading to a switch from latency to lytic infection.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Atsuko Sugimoto, Yuichi Abe, Tadashi Watanabe, Kohei Hosokawa, Jun Adachi, Takeshi Tomonaga, Yasumasa Iwatani, Takayuki Murata, Masahiro Fujimuro
Summary: During Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) lytic replication, the UBE1L2-FAT10 system is upregulated to promote FAT10ylation and contribute to viral propagation.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2021)
Article
Microbiology
Zsolt Toth, Bernadett Papp, Kevin Brulois, Youn Jung Choi, Shou-Jiang Gao, Jae U. Jung
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Bernadett Papp, Kathrin Plath
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Vincent Pasque, Jason Tchieu, Rahul Karnik, Molly Uyeda, Anupama Sadhu Dimashkie, Dana Case, Bernadett Papp, Giancarlo Bonora, Sanjeet Patel, Ritchie Ho, Ryan Schmidt, Robin McKee, Takashi Sado, Takashi Tada, Alexander Meissner, Kathrin Plath
Article
Virology
Bernadett Papp, Naeem Motlagh, Richard J. Smindak, Seung Jin Jang, Aria Sharma, Juan D. Alonso, Zsolt Toth
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2019)
Article
Virology
Gavin Golas, Seung Jin Jang, Nenavath Gopal Naik, Juan D. Alonso, Bernadett Papp, Zsolt Toth
Article
Microbiology
Nenavath Gopal Naik, Thomas Hong Nguyen, Lauren Roberts, Luke Todd Fischer, Katherine Glickman, Gavin Golas, Bernadett Papp, Zsolt Toth
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amy Pandya-Jones, Yolanda Markaki, Jacques Serizay, Tsotne Chitiashvili, Walter R. Mancia Leon, Andrey Damianov, Constantinos Chronis, Bernadett Papp, Chun-Kan Chen, Robin McKee, Xiao-Jun Wang, Anthony Chau, Shan Sabri, Heinrich Leonhardt, Sika Zheng, Mitchell Guttman, Douglas L. Black, Kathrin Plath
Correction
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Amy Pandya-Jones, Yolanda Markaki, Jacques Serizay, Tsotne Chitiashvili, Walter R. Mancia Leon, Andrey Damianov, Constantinos Chronis, Bernadett Papp, Chun-Kan Chen, Robin McKee, Xiao-Jun Wang, Anthony Chau, Shan Sabri, Heinrich Leonhardt, Sika Zheng, Mitchell Guttman, Douglas. L. Black, Kathrin Plath
Review
Virology
Natalie Atyeo, Michelle D. Rodriguez, Bernadett Papp, Zsolt Toth
Summary: The oral cavity is a critical site for viruses to interact with the human body, where the oral epithelium serves as a major location for viral entry, replication, and spread. Viral infections in the oral cavity can lead to various clinical manifestations, and viruses often exploit host epigenetic machinery to promote their own life cycles. Understanding the regulation of viral life cycles and epigenetic control in the oral cavity could provide insight into developing targeted antiviral therapies for chronic viral infections.
Article
Virology
Lauren R. Combs, Lauren McKenzie Spires, Juan D. Alonso, Bernadett Papp, Zsolt Toth
Summary: In addition to its role in transcription regulation, RTA has E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which is used to induce protein degradation and promote KSHV lytic reactivation. This study demonstrated that RTA induces the degradation of ID2, a transcription repressor, through N-terminal ubiquitination, leading to the promotion of KSHV lytic cycle. Furthermore, it was found that the interaction between gammaherpesvirus RTAs and ID proteins is evolutionarily conserved.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2022)
Review
Virology
Natalie Atyeo, Bernadett Papp
Summary: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) protein ORF45 plays a crucial role in the early and late phases of the viral life cycle, promoting lytic reactivation and proper targeting of the viral capsid. It interacts with host proteins, such as ERK/RSK signaling cascade, and inhibits the host interferon response. Understanding the expression kinetics and interaction partners of ORF45 is significant for studying KSHV biology and gammaherpesvirus infections.
Article
Virology
Natalie Atyeo, Min Young Chae, Zsolt Toth, Aria Sharma, Bernadett Papp
Summary: The oral cavity is an important site for virus entry and transmission. KSHV, an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus, can replicate in oral epithelial cells and promote viral transmission via saliva. FOXQ1, a host transcription factor, is induced by KSHV infection and plays a role in sustaining the viral lytic cycle in oral epithelial cells. Immediate early proteins ORF45 and RTA are involved in inducing FOXQ1 expression, and ORF45 uses a shared mechanism to induce both host and viral genes for lytic infection.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Virology
Lauren McKenzie Spires, Eleanor Wind, Bernadett Papp, Zsolt Toth
Summary: The study reveals that the viral transcription factor RTA interacts with the cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase complex RNF20/40 to promote the lytic cycle of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The inhibition of RNF20 expression impairs lytic gene expression, viral DNA replication, and virus production. The interaction between RTA and RNF20/40 is required for the synergistic activation of viral promoters.
JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY
(2023)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Constantinos Chronis, Petko Fiziev, Bernadett Papp, Stefan Butz, Giancarlo Bonora, Shan Sabri, Jason Ernst, Kathrin Plath
Article
Virology
Naiqing Xu, Xinen Tang, Xin Wang, Miao Cai, Xiaowen Liu, Xiaolong Lu, Shunlin Hu, Min Gu, Jiao Hu, Ruyi Gao, Kaituo Liu, Yu Chen, Xiufan Liu, Xiaoquan Wang
Summary: This study found that the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus has a high airborne transmissibility, while the H7N9 virus does not. The Hemagglutinin protein of the H9N2 virus was found to play a key role in replication, stability, and airborne transmission.
Article
Virology
Samar S. Ewies, Sabry M. Tamam, Ahmed S. Abdel-Moneim, Sherin R. Rouby
Summary: Contagious ecthyma (CE) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats worldwide. The study provided a clinical description of CE and screened for genetic variation in the B2L gene. Infected sheep exhibited anorexia and oral lesions, while inoculated chicken embryos showed pock lesions. The B2L gene was successfully amplified and found to be highly conserved.
Article
Virology
Yigal Farnoushi, Dan Heller, Avishai Lublin
Summary: In recent years, new variants of avian reovirus (ARV) have caused a variety of symptoms in chickens worldwide, including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis. This study analyzed emerging ARV variants in Israel and found significant genetic diversity. Most ARV isolates in Israel belonged to genotypic cluster 5 (GC5). The study suggests that Israel has not experienced the emergence of new ARV variants since the introduction of the live vaccine (ISR-7585), but ongoing monitoring is needed due to the continuous emergence of ARV variants.
Article
Virology
Shigeru Tajima, Michiyo Kataoka, Yuki Takamatsu, Hideki Ebihara, Chang-Kweng Lim
Summary: Yokose virus (YOKV), a bat-associated flavivirus, was found to replicate at a slower rate in mosquito cells compared to other mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Specific nucleotide mutations in the virus were identified to enhance its proliferation ability in mosquito cells.
Article
Virology
Alejandra Borjabad, Baojun Dong, Wei Chao, David J. Volsky, Mary Jane Potash
Summary: This study investigated HIV brain disease using a mouse model, and found that poly I:C can reverse associated cognitive impairment and reduce virus burden. The results also revealed transcriptional changes related to neuronal function and innate immune responses.
Article
Virology
Ching-Hung Lin, Feng-Cheng Hsieh, Meilin Wang, Chieh Hsu, Hsuan-Wei Hsu, Chun-Chun Yang, Cheng-Yao Yang, Hung-Yi Wu
Summary: This study demonstrates that the synthesis of coronavirus subgenomic mRNA is not solely determined by the sequence homology between the leader TRS and TRS-B, but also by the disassociation of the coronavirus polymerase from the viral genome. This finding provides a new insight into the transcription mechanism of coronaviruses.
Article
Virology
Nicholas S. Kron, Benjamin W. Neuman, Sathish Kumar, Patricia L. Blackwelder, Dayana Vidal, Delphina Z. Walker-Phelan, Patrick D. I. Gibbs, Lynne A. Fieber, Michael C. Schmale
Summary: Two recent studies documented the genome of a novel virus in marine animals, finding that the virus is widespread in apparently healthy animals but not highly expressed in neurons. The studies also identified viral replication factories and high levels of defective genomes in chronically infected animals.
Article
Virology
Andrew M. Ramey, Laura C. Scott, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Evan J. Buck, Alison R. Williams, Mia Kim Torchetti, David E. Stallknecht, Rebecca L. Poulson
Summary: We successfully detected and characterized highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in hunter-harvested wild waterfowl samples from western Alaska. Genomic analysis revealed three independent viral introductions into Alaska. Our findings demonstrate the utility and potential limitations of using molecular processing approaches directly on original swab samples for viral research and monitoring.
Article
Virology
Ting Gong, Dongdong Wu, Yongzhi Feng, Xing Liu, Qi Gao, Xiaoyu Zheng, Zebu Song, Heng Wang, Guihong Zhang, Lang Gong
Summary: This study discovered that quercetin can inhibit PEDV replication both in vivo and in vitro, and alleviate the clinical symptoms and intestinal injury caused by the virus. This provides a new direction for the development of PED antiviral drugs.
Article
Virology
Min Zhu, Hao Zeng, Jianqiao He, Yaohui Zhu, Pingping Wang, Jianing Guo, Jinfan Guo, Huabo Zhou, Yifeng Qin, Kang Ouyang, Zuzhang Wei, Weijian Huang, Ying Chen
Summary: The reassortment between avian H9N2 and Eurasian avian-like (EA) H1N1 viruses may have potentially changed from avian-to-mammals adaptation. This study found that the introduction of EA H1N1 internal genes into H9N2 virus restored the replication capability and resulted in extreme virulence in some cases. This raises new concerns for public health due to the possible coexistence of H9N2 and EA H1N1 viruses in dogs.