Stable isotope techniques for verifying the declared geographical origin of food in legal cases

Background: Consumers are increasingly interested in the provenance of the foods and European laws require protection against the mislabelling of premium foods. Methods for testing authenticity require robust analytical techniques that can be utilised by the various regulatory authorities. Of the many techniques, the most widely-used method is stable isotope ratio analysis. Scope and approach: Focus is on the use of stable isotope ratios of H, C, N, 0, S and Sr for verifying the geographical origin of food, cross-referencing it with examples of legal cases. State of the art including rules for building an authentic sample reference database (commonly called databank) and for interpreting the results obtained in actual cases is described. The overall objective is to provide stakeholders and competent authorities dealing with fraud, with a best-practice guide for its use. Key findings and conclusions: Stable isotope ratios can differentiate foods on the basis of their geographical origin and, especially for light elements, can be measured reliably in routine work in different matrices and compared successfully between different laboratories. Examples of legal applications are grape products, orange juices, olive oil, cheese, butter, caviar. Sometimes, the cases are not brought directly to the court, but before further verifications (e.g. paper traceability, forensic accounting) are conducted. The system can satisfy the court when a robust databank of authentic samples exists, the methods used are officially recognized, validated and accredited, and the expert demonstrates that the conclusions are sufficiently robust and reliable to stand up to the required level of proof. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.