Single Point Mutations in Pediatric Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Purpose: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is rare in children. Previous studies have suggested that it has different clinicopathologic features and mutation profiles compared with adult DTC. However, those studies focused on a single or limited number of gene mutations. This study comprehensively investigated a large series of pediatric DTC for single point mutations in BRAF, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, PTEN, and TERT. It also analyzed associations between clinicopathologic features and the BRAF(V600E) mutation. Patients and Methods: Eighty-nine consecutive cases seen in children and adolescents (<= 18 years) during 1998-2015 were identified. Rare variants of DTC were excluded, and the study focused on 72 (91.1%) classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and seven (8.9%) follicular variant PTC. These included 68 (86.1%) females and 11 (13.9%) males, with a median age of 15.5 years (range 8-18 years). The clinical and histopathological data were obtained from medical records. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor tissue, and was PCR-amplified and directly sequenced. Results: Mutations detected included BRAF(V600E) in 19/72 (26.4%) classical PTC samples, and in none of seven follicular variant PTC. Other mutations included: 1/78 (1.3%) successfully amplified tumor samples with TERTC228T; 2/79 (2.5%) NRAS 61 (c.181C>A and c.182A>G); 1/73 (1.4%) PIK3CA exon 9 (c.1589A>G and c.1598C>T in one tumor); 1/79 (1.3%) PIK3CA exon 20 (c.2951G>A); and 1/74 (1.4%) PTEN exon 5 (c.295G>A). No mutation was found in HRAS, KRAS, NRAS12, PTEN exons 6, 7, and 8, and TERTC250T. No significant association was found between BRAF(V600E) mutation and sex, extrathyroidal invasion, tumor multifocality, vascular invasion, lymph node or distant metastases, and persistent/recurrent disease. Conclusions: In pediatric DTC, the prevalence of the BRAF(V600E) mutation is significantly less common compared with adult DTC, and there is no association between this mutation and the histopathological features and outcome of PTC. PIK3CA, PTEN, NRAS 61, and TERTC228T mutations are rare.