Article
Water Resources
Abraham Addo-Bediako, Sophy Nukeri, Millicent Kekana
Summary: Anthropogenic activities such as mining, agriculture, and urbanization are causing heavy metal contamination in the Spekboom River in South Africa, with high concentrations of Cr and Ni posing a serious threat to aquatic organisms and humans. Urgent action is recommended to control effluents from anthropogenic activities to prevent further pollution.
APPLIED WATER SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Magda M. Abou El-Safa, Mohamed Gad, Ebrahem M. Eid, Ashwaq M. Alnemari, Mohammed H. Almarshadi, Abdullah S. Alshammari, Farahat S. Moghanm, Ali H. Saleh
Summary: This study focused on evaluating the risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in aquatic ecosystems in Egypt's Suez Gulf coast. The results showed that Cd and Pb are severely enriched in surface sediment from anthropogenic sources, while Al, Mn, Fe, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn predominantly originate from natural sources.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sawaeng Kawichai, Tippawan Prapamontol, Teetawat Santijitpakdee, Susira Bootdee
Summary: This study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments of the Mae Chaem River in Thailand. The levels of heavy metals exceeded the standard levels in Thailand, with the primary sources of contamination being residential settlements and agricultural areas. The study also assessed the risk of exposure to heavy-metalbound sediments for children and adults, finding that the risk was low overall but highest for As and Cr in terms of children's exposure.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Rajashree Bhuyan, Pinki Brahma, Mayuri Chabukdhara, Neha Tyagi, Sanjay Kumar Gupta, Tabarak Malik
Summary: This study assessed heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of the Bharalu river in India. The concentrations of Ni, Zn, Pb, and Fe were analyzed and their levels were found to exceed the sediment quality guidelines. The pollution indices and risk assessment methods used in this study revealed a higher contamination in the downstream sites compared to the upstream site. Anthropogenic sources, such as urban discharges and waste dumping, were identified as the main contributors to metal contamination in the river sediments. These findings emphasize the need for effective river management strategies to address heavy metal pollution and protect the river ecosystem.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Hyeryeong Jeong, Kongtae Ra
Summary: This study investigated the pollution and ecological risks of heavy metals in coastal, river/stream, and road-deposited sediments from Apia in Samoa for the first time. Chromium and nickel concentrations in sediment samples were found to be higher than other metals. The study revealed that the origins of chromium and nickel were natural, while copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead originated from anthropogenic activities. The findings also showed that coastal sediments adjacent to the river were anthropogenically contaminated and presented a moderate ecological risk.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Marine
Ali H. Saleh, Mohamed Gad, Moataz M. Khalifa, Salah Elsayed, Farahat S. Moghanm, Adel M. Ghoneim, Subhan Danish, Rahul Datta, Moustapha E. Moustapha, Magda M. Abou El-Safa
Summary: This study aims to provide a scientific foundation for environmental protection management of Qaroun Lake through assessing environmental pollution in sediment samples. Results indicate significant contamination and ecological risk in the lake, highlighting the need for enhanced management measures.
JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Valentina Sattarova, Kirill Aksentov, Alexander Alatortsev, Le Duc Luong, Renat Shakirov, Maxim Ivanov, Alexey Legkodimov
Summary: The study found that the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn, and Pb in South China Sea sediments are significantly positively correlated with fine-sized fractions and TOC, while the concentration of As is not positively correlated with other metals. The relatively positive correlations of Cd with various elements suggest it comes from different sources.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Francisco Jose de Paula Filho, Rozane Valente Marins, Deivid Vitor Santos, Rai Felipe Pereira Junio, Jorge Marcell Coelho Menezes, Francisco Gleidson Costa da Gastao, Anderson Guzzi, Raimundo Nonato Pereira Teixeira
Summary: This study investigated heavy metal concentrations in sediments from the Parnaiba River Delta in Brazil, using multivariate statistical analysis and geochemical indices to assess pollution levels and ecological risks. Results showed lower heavy metal concentrations relative to Brazilian regulatory limits, indicating minimal enrichment of metals and low potential ecological risk. The study confirmed the pristine conditions of the protected area in the Parnaiba Delta, with the exception of the Igaracu channel near Parnaiba city.
ENVIRONMENTAL EARTH SCIENCES
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Layla Cristine da Silva, Maria Virginia Alves Martins, Wellen Fernanda Louzada Castelo, Murilo Barros Saibro, Dandara Rangel, Egberto Pereira, Sergio Bergamaschi, Silvia Helena Mello e Sousa, Josefa Varela, Lazaro Laut, Fabrizio Frontalini, Hernani Chaves, Antonio Tadeu Reis, Orangel Aguilera, Noureddine Zaaboub, Eldhose Cheriyan, Mauro Cesar Geraldes
Summary: The Sepetiba Bay in Southeast Brazil has been heavily impacted by urbanization and industrial activity. This study examines the pollution levels of metals in sediments in the bay. The results indicate a significant increase in concentrations of potentially toxic elements, in line with rapid population and industrial growth since 1970. Currents have played a role in the dispersion of pollutants from the main source to distant areas. The sediments in deeper layers also show pollution, possibly from lithologic sources. The concentrations of potentially toxic elements in the bay are relatively high compared to global and other Brazilian water bodies. High-resolution sediment cores confirm that the coastal system's ecological risk is influenced by both human activities and natural causes.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pradeep Kumar, Rana Pratap Singh
Summary: The present study investigated the bioaccumulation factor, edaphic pollution indices, and associated health risk assessment of trace metals in crops, agricultural soil, and irrigation water collected from peri-urban areas of Lucknow, India. The levels of trace metals in agricultural soil and irrigation water were within permissible limits; however, they were higher in tomato, spinach, and wheat cultivated in the fields. Bioaccumulation factor values for Cu, Fe, and Mn in edible parts of these crops were significantly higher through the agricultural soil and irrigation water. Various contamination indices reflected different levels of contamination, with the metal pollution load index indicating strong contamination in most study areas. The consumption of contaminated vegetables and cereals posed a significant health risk to the crowded city and its surrounding regions, as indicated by hazard quotient, total hazard quotient, and hazard index values exceeding the requisite value of 1.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Sibin Antony, K. Unnikrishnan, S. Aswin, Vinu V. Dev, V Arun, K. Anoop Krishnan
Summary: This study investigates the levels of heavy metal contamination and ecological risks in the sediments of Kavaratti lagoon, India. The results show that the lagoon is moderately to considerably polluted by heavy metals, with aluminum, lead, and cadmium posing high risks. The main anthropogenic sources of heavy metal pollution on Kavaratti Island are diesel-based power generation, shipping activities, untreated sewage, fishing, and tourism.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Mohammad Abdul Momin Siddique, Mahfuzur Rahman, Shahriar Md Arifur Rahman, Md Rubel Hassan, Zeenath Fardous, Muhammed Alamgir Zaman Chowdhury, Mohammad Belal Hossain
Summary: The study found that the average concentrations of six heavy metals in the sediment of the lower Meghna River estuary were ranked in descending order of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and cadmium (Cd). The geo-accumulation, contamination, and pollution load indexes indicated that the estuary was not contaminated by Fe, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cu. There was a significant correlation between sediment grain size and the association of iron (Fe) and lead (Pb), but no significant correlation was found between other metals and grain size.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEDIMENT RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Andreea Maria Iordache, Constantin Nechita, Ramona Zgavarogea, Cezara Voica, Mihai Varlam, Roxana Elena Ionete
Summary: This study assessed the contamination level of eight heavy metals and trace elements in the sediments of Olt River and found high levels of pollution primarily caused by anthropogenic factors. The results have important implications for assessing environmental and human health risks and informing freshwater management plans.
SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
C. Krahforst, L. A. Sherman, K. Kehm
Summary: Trace metals in sediments from the Chester River were investigated to understand their distributions and potential sources. The concentrations of lead, arsenic, nickel, chromium, and copper exceeded sediment toxicity guidelines in a significant proportion of samples. Enrichment factors for cadmium, silver, lead, arsenic, and zinc were elevated above natural background levels. Nickel, copper, zinc, and cadmium showed significant differences in enrichment factors between different segments of the river. Cadmium and arsenic enrichments were most likely from the application of fertilizers in the watershed, while active marinas were identified as important sources of metal enrichment, especially for copper.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Princy M. John, Vishnu Murali, Kunal Chakraborty, Aneesh Lotlikar, K. Shameem, K. Habeeb Rahman, Anu Gopinath
Summary: This study investigated sediment samples from off Kochi in the South eastern Arabian Sea to assess environmental pollution levels and distribution of trace metals. The results showed that the highest concentrations of trace metals were found at stations close to land, indicating that land-based anthropogenic input is the major source of pollution.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2022)
Article
Oceanography
G. Nandhagopal, J. Prince Prakash Jebakumar, B. Rajan Babu, S. Ragumaran, C. M. Ramakritinan, G. Sivaleela, R. Rajkumar Rajan
CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH
(2020)
Article
Marine & Freshwater Biology
Samiran Mandal, Sourav Sil, Avijit Gangopadhyay, Basanta Kumar Jena, Ramasamy Venkatesan
ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE
(2020)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jyoti Priyesh Kerkar, Jaya Kumar Seelam, Basanta Kumar Jena
JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH
(2020)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jebarathnam Prince Prakash Jeba Kumar, Shunmugavel Ragumaran, Ganesan Nandagopal, Vijaya Ravichandran, Ramana Murthy Mallavarapu, Thomas M. Missimer
Summary: Transport of invasive species in shipping ballast water causes marine and freshwater pollution, and integrated natural filtration is an effective way to prevent the spread of biological organisms and reduce environmental impact.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Geochemistry & Geophysics
Samiran Mandal, Sourav Sil, Avijit Gangopadhyay, Basanta Kumar Jena, Ramasamy Venkatesan, Glen Gawarkiewicz
Summary: Surface currents characteristics in the western Andaman Sea from November 2016 to October 2017 were studied using high-frequency radars and a moored buoy. The study revealed the seasonal reversal of currents influenced by local wind stress and the exchange of waters between the Andaman Sea and Bay of Bengal. Tidal currents, particularly M2, were dominant with highest contributions from M2 tidal currents observed around Little Andaman Island.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Vikas Pandey, Dilip Kumar Jha, P. Sathish Kumar, J. Santhanakumar, S. Venkatnarayanan, J. Prince Prakash Jebakumar, G. Dharani
Summary: The use of functional information of taxa is a promising approach to uncover the underlying mechanism of ecosystem functioning. This study assessed the functional response of subtidal macrobenthos with multiple stressors using biological trait analysis (BTA) and found significant variation in trait composition between disturbed and undisturbed areas.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dilip Kumar Jha, Vikas Pandey, J. Santhanakumar, P. Sathish Kumar, S. Venkatnarayanan, J. Prince Prakash Jebakumar, G. Dharani, R. Vijaya
Summary: A study has developed a systematic site selection procedure for deploying artificial reefs along the southeast coast of India in order to enhance local productivity and restore fishing grounds. The procedure includes exclusion mapping, underwater visual transect, benthic composition, seawater quality, and comparative visual mapping. The results enable managers to choose suitable locations with the necessary depth, substrate, and wave action for artificial reef deployment. The study also demonstrates the efficacy of a GIS-based model for site selection and the importance of an integrated strategy for coastal restoration and management.
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jebarathnam Prince Prakash Jebakumar, Ganesan Nandhagopal, Bose RajanBabu, Shunmugavel Ragumaran, Appukuttan Santhakumari Kiran, Vijaya Ravichandran
Summary: The emergence of geotextiles as an alternative material for coastal erosion protection has been observed in recent years. The colonization of geotextiles by epibiotic organisms, known as marine growth, has been shown to have an impact on their tensile strength. The ecological succession of biotic density and diversity on geotextiles is influenced by factors such as food availability and intra/interspecific competition. Additionally, a harmonious relationship between population density and tensile strength has been observed on geotextiles.
JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Dilip Kumar Jha, Vikas Pandey, Chandrasekaran Muthukumar, Ponnusamy Sathish Kumar, Srinivas Venkatnarayanan, Jebarathnam Prince Prakash Jebakumar, Gopal Dharani
FRONTIERS IN MARINE SCIENCE
(2022)
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Marine
Muhammed T. Naseef, J. Rajkumar, Basanta Kumar Jena
Summary: A sensitivity analysis was conducted on wave hindcast in the Indian Ocean, using wave data from 12 locations in the North Indian Ocean. The analysis aimed to assess the model performance with different domain configurations, and found that the domain with an open boundary and a 60°S southern extension had a better match with the observations.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Marine
A. S. Kiran, T. Lokesh, S. Sankar, Prince Prakash Jebakumar, Vijaya Ravichandran, M. Ramanamurthy
Summary: A scientific study was conducted on the Adayar River mouth in Chennai, India, proposing a sustainable opening scheme through dredging and sediment nourishment. The study found that the formation of sand bars resulted in the closure of the mouth, which is influenced by the arrival of the northeast monsoon.
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
J. Prince Prakash Jebakumar, G. Nandhagopal, S. Ragumaran, Vijaya Ravichandran, C. M. Ramakritinan
Summary: The study revealed that artificial coastal defence structures can enhance coastal biodiversity by increasing species richness and diversity of epibiotic species. Different types and characteristics of structures influence the assemblage patterns of epibiotic species, while local epibenthic biodiversity also plays a role in determining the structure assemblages.
JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
B. K. Jena, K. S. Arunraj, V Suseentharan, M. Ramanamurthy
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Basanta Kumar Jena, J. Rajkumar, Aruna Kumar Avula, K. Jossia Joseph, M. V. Ramana Murthy
Article
Geosciences, Multidisciplinary
S. Shanmuga Priyaa, Basanta Kumar Jena
Summary: This study analyzed the shoreline changes and suspended sediment concentration along the southern Kerala coast using Sentinel 2 MSI satellite images. It found a correlation between the suspended sediment pattern and erosion/accretion pattern along the coast through the use of satellite images.
JOURNAL OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Atefeh Zendehboudi, Azam Mohammadi, Sina Dobaradaran, Gabriel E. De-la-Torre, Bahman Ramavandi, Seyed Enayat Hashemi, Reza Saeedi, Emran Moradpour Tayebi, Ahmad Vafaee, Amirhossein Darabi
Summary: This study investigated the characteristics and ecological risks of microplastics (MPs) in ballast water for the first time, and found high levels of MP pollution. These findings contribute to our understanding of the sources and risks of microplastics in marine ecosystems.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rose Boahemaa Pinto, Linda Bogerd, Martine van der Ploeg, Kwame Duah, Remko Uijlenhoet, Tim H. M. van Emmerik
Summary: Catchment-scale plastic pollution assessments provide insights into the sources, sinks, and pathways of plastic pollution. We propose an approach to quantify macroplastic transport and density in the Odaw catchment, Ghana, and find that the urban riverine zone has the highest transport, while the urban tidal zone has the highest riverbank and land macroplastic density.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Aliya Baidourela, Qian Sun, Gongxin Yang, Umut Halik, Zhongkai Dong, Kaixu Cai, Guili Sun, Wenya Zhang, Sisi Cheng
Summary: The study focused on heavy metal pollution in the green vegetation of a suburban industrial area in Tuokexun County, Xinjiang, China. The results showed that the overall level of heavy metal pollution in the soil was minor, with mercury (Hg) being the most severe contamination, likely caused by human activities. The composition of heavy metal elements in trees was more stable compared to grass and shrubs, with varying concentrations across different vegetation. Shrubbery was found to be the most effective in heavy metal restoration, and there were disparities in heavy metal enrichment among different vegetation types.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
James H. Bridson, Hayden Masterton, Beatrix Theobald, Regis Risani, Fraser Doake, Jessica A. Wallbank, Stefan D. M. Maday, Gavin Lear, Robert Abbel, Dawn A. Smith, Joanne M. Kingsbury, Olga Pantos, Grant L. Northcott, Sally Gaw
Summary: Plastic pollution has significant environmental impacts, largely due to chemical additives. However, the behavior of plastic additives in marine environments is not well understood. A marine deployment experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of weathering on the extractables profile of four types of plastics in New Zealand over a period of nine months. The concentration of additives in polyethylene and oxo-degradable polyethylene was strongly influenced by artificial weathering, while polyamide 6 and polyethylene terephthalate showed minimal change. These findings emphasize the importance of considering leaching and weathering effects on plastic composition when assessing the potential impact and risk of plastic pollution in receiving environments.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Alan G. Scarlett, Francis D. Spilsbury, Steven J. Rowland, Marthe Monique Gagnon, Kliti Grice
Summary: This study used diamondoid hydrocarbon distributions to identify the sources of environmental oil contamination. A suite of 20 diamondoids was found to accumulate in fish adipose tissue. The scatter plots of indices between fish and exposure oils showed a close to ideal 1:1 relationship, which can be used to determine the origin of the oil.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Shan Jiang, Mengmeng Wan, Kun Lin, Yanshan Chen, Rui Wang, Liju Tan, Jiangtao Wang
Summary: In this study, the concentration, composition, distribution, and sources of PCBs in surface seawater of the Bohai Bay were analyzed. The results showed that PCBs in the Bohai Bay had high concentrations and were primarily derived from land-based sources such as port activities and river inputs. The PCBs in the Bohai Bay may come from commercial PCBs and their incineration products, municipal landfills, wood and coal combustion, and industrial activities, etc.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Icaro S. A. Porto, Saulo V. A. Dantas, Caio S. A. Felix, Francisco A. S. Cunha, Jailson B. de Andrade, Sergio L. C. Ferreira
Summary: This study evaluated the risks of mercury levels in sardines consumed by low-income population in Salvador, Brazil. The results showed that the mercury content in the sampled sardines posed no risks to human health. This study is significant as most sardines in Salvador come from Todos os Santos Bay, which has a history of mercury contamination.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jiahui Chen, Chengyu Yuan, Guanqun Zhai, Guangcheng Chen, Heng Zhu, Jun Liu, Yong Ye
Summary: This study investigated the combined influences of species selection and site elevation on greenhouse gas fluxes from restored mangrove soils. The results suggest that Avicennia marina should be selected for mangrove restoration to minimize carbon release and reduce the influence of greenhouse gas fluxes on the global greenhouse effect.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Emmanuel Onyeabor, Uju Obuka
Summary: The Gulf of Guinea region in Africa is a significant area for coastal countries, playing a vital role in their economic and environmental development. This study aims to reduce marine plastic pollution in the region by utilizing legal instruments.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yuanli Liu, Stephan Luttjohann, Alvise Vianello, Claudia Lorenz, Fan Liu, Jes Vollertsen
Summary: Large area attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (LAATR-FTIR) is a novel technique for detecting small microplastics, with limited accuracy for large microplastics. However, it shows promise in homogeneous matrices. The spectra quality is comparable between transmission mode and LAATR mode.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Phuc T. D. Le, Andrew M. Fischer, Britta D. Hardesty, Heidi J. Auman, Chris Wilcox
Summary: This study explores the relationship between ocean currents and the accumulation of floating marine debris (FMD) and finds that higher concentrations of FMD are associated with frontal frequencies (FF). FMD is primarily trapped in accumulation zones between fronts and the coastline, which have high biodiversity value.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Rosa Sawan, Perine Doyen, Florence Viudes, Rachid Amara, Celine Mahfouz
Summary: Few studies have examined the impact of urbanization and meteorological events on microplastics discharged into the sea through rivers. Surface water samples were collected from two Lebanese rivers, with differing degrees of urbanization, during dry and wet periods. The results showed that the most industrialized river had a significantly higher abundance of microplastics compared to the less-industrialized river. There was also a correlation between particle contamination and the season at each site, with microplastic concentrations highest on the first day of the wet season. These findings highlight the importance of considering meteorological events in accurately assessing plastic pollution influx into coastal waters.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Katherine R. Shaw, Jonathan L. Whitney, Eileen M. Nalley, Madeline C. Schmidbauer, Megan J. Donahue, Jesse Black, Raquel N. Corniuk, Kellie Teague, Rachel Sandquist, Catherine Pirkle, Rachel Dacks, Max Sudnovsky, Jennifer M. Lynch
Summary: This study examines the ingestion of plastic in reef fish in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Plastic particles were found in the gastrointestinal tracts of multiple fish species. However, further analysis revealed that these particles were actually natural materials and posed no threat to human consumers.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Revati Hardikar, C. K. Haridevi, Shantaj Deshbhratar
Summary: This study investigated the variability in phytoplankton functional structure using a trait-based approach and explored the relationship between species traits and environmental factors, as well as their impact on ecosystem functioning. The results revealed that morphological traits, temperature, and ammonia played a decisive role in the seasonal succession of phytoplankton species. It was found that certain traits favored higher biomass production but might hinder energy transfer efficiency. The strong correlation between environmental variables and phytoplankton functional structure supports the practical implementation of a trait-based approach in studying phytoplankton community dynamics under different environmental conditions.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Engki A. Kisnarti, Nining Sari Ningsih, Mutiara R. Putri, Nani Hendiarti, Bernhard Mayer
Summary: This study examines the movement patterns of plastic marine debris in Indonesian waters, revealing that Indonesia contributes significantly to transboundary marine debris in the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea. Most of the debris remains in Indonesian waters and moves back and forth due to the influence of monsoon currents.
MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN
(2024)
