Review
Chemistry, Analytical
Felix Zapata, Jose Manuel Matey, Gemma Montalvo, Carmen Garcia-Ruiz
Summary: This work reviews fundamental concepts about drugs, focusing on new psychoactive substances (NPS) and their classifications. A revised classification based on chemical composition is proposed to merge recent chemical groupings of NPS from various institutions, aiming to be useful for forensic practitioners/researchers.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
F. Ivy Carroll, Anita H. Lewin, S. Wayne Mascarella, Herbert H. Seltzman, P. Anantha Reddy
Summary: The review discusses the exponential increase in clandestine manufacture of new psychoactive substances designed to circumvent regulations, which has led to a rise in fatalities. It focuses on three compound classes and highlights the medicinal chemistry approaches used by clandestine laboratories to develop new substances, as well as the chemical methods for treating illicit drug abuse.
ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
(2021)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Annagiulia Di Trana, Diletta Berardinelli, Eva Montanari, Paolo Berretta, Giuseppe Basile, Marilyn A. Huestis, Francesco Paolo Busardo
Summary: Adulteration is a common practice in drug production, where active ingredients are intentionally added to alter drug effects and increase profits. The types of adulterants used vary over time. Constant monitoring of adulterants is crucial to protect drug consumers' health.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Legal
Guillaume Drevin, Marie Briet, Severine Ferec, Chadi Abbara
Summary: This article reports a case of intense agitation following the consumption of etizolam and cocaine. Blood tests showed high levels of etizolam and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, but low levels of cocaine. Unlike previous reports, this case presented with central nervous system excitation rather than depression. The clinical presentation cannot be solely explained by cocaine co-consumption, suggesting a paradoxical reaction to etizolam overdose.
FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Legal
Andre Niebel, Fritz Pragst, Franziska Krumbiegel, Sven Hartwig
Summary: The study found a high prevalence of new psychoactive substances in families with known or suspected abuse of conventional illegal drugs. Retesting hair samples enabled an impression of the relative high prevalence of these substances despite limitations in quantitative assessments.
FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL
(2022)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Meiru Pan, Brian Schou Rasmussen, Petur Weihe Dalsgaard, Christian Brinch Mollerup, Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen, Michael Nedahl, Kristian Linnet, Marie Mardal
Summary: The expanding and dynamic market of new psychoactive substances poses challenges for laboratories worldwide. In this study, an efficient and scalable retrospective data analysis workflow was developed to investigate analytes missed in previously analyzed samples. The method allows for fast and accurate analysis of previously acquired data files in less than 1 minute, representing a major technological advancement in monitoring NPS abuse.
FRONTIERS IN CHEMISTRY
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Legal
Olivia A. Lin, Pei-Jiun Chuang, Y. Jane Tseng
Summary: This study conducted a systematic review on controlled drug regulations and analyzed the numbers of new psychoactive substances (NPS) reported in six East and Southeast Asian countries in comparison to US and UK from 2009 to 2020. The findings showed that the US and UK reported more NPS compared to Japan, China, Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, and Taiwan. Legislative mechanisms including specific listing, generic control, analogue control, and temporary bans were evaluated. Countries that adopted a combination of legislative mechanisms were able to identify higher numbers of NPS for regulatory control.
REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
(2023)
Review
Psychiatry
Michal Ordak, Aleksandra Zmyslowska, Milosz Bielski, Daniel Rybak, Maja Tomaszewska, Katarzyna Wyszomierska, Aleksandra Kmiec, Natalia Garlicka, Maria Zalewska, Michal Zalewski, Tadeusz Nasierowski, Elzbieta Muszynska, Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrozny
Summary: This study reviewed 51 case reports of NPS use between 2010 and 2019, showing that most cases involved synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. The primary pharmacotherapy used was benzodiazepines, with some patients also receiving neuroleptics and muscle relaxants.
FRONTIERS IN PSYCHIATRY
(2021)
Review
Toxicology
Joshua Klingberg, Bethany Keen, Adam Cawley, Daniel Pasin, Shanlin Fu
Summary: This paper reviews the novel applications of HRMS techniques in the analysis of NPS, including the identification of usage trends in the community through wastewater analysis and the examination of the effects of drugs of abuse on endogenous compounds using metabolomic approaches.
ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Toxicology
Jonathan Brett, Krista J. Siefried, Amy Healey, Mary Ellen Harrod, Erica Franklin, Monica J. Barratt, Jem Masters, Lynn Nguyen, Santosh Adiraju, Cobus Gerber
Summary: The study aimed to determine the range of psychoactive substances used during music festivals in New South Wales, Australia by analyzing wastewater and conducting self-report surveys. The results showed a variety of substances present, including amphetamine, cocaine, and ketamine, with some highly toxic substances like N-ethylpentylone detected. Adulteration or substitution may explain higher-than-expected detection frequencies for certain substances.
CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Heon-Jun Lee, Jeong-Eun Oh
Summary: This study aimed to develop a target and suspect screening method using LC-HRMS to identify new psychoactive substances (NPS) in wastewater samples. A database of 95 traditional and NPS was built, and an analytical method was developed. Analysis of wastewater samples from 29 treatment plants identified 14 substances, including 3 NPS and 11 traditional psychoactive substances. This study highlights the need for continuous monitoring of NPS in South Korea.
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
(2023)
Article
Biochemical Research Methods
Andre Niebel, Lena Westendorf, Franziska Krumbiegel, Sven Hartwig, Maria Kristina Parr, Michael Tsokos
Summary: Hair samples from postmortem cases were reanalyzed from 2008 to 2020, revealing a 31.6% detection rate of NPS, with many cases testing positive for multiple NPS, indicating a growing trend of varied NPS use among young drug users.
DRUG TESTING AND ANALYSIS
(2022)
Review
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Aniela Golub, Michal Ordak, Tadeusz Nasierowski, Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrozny
Summary: The effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in patients abusing new psychoactive substances (NPSs) is enhanced by proper liver function. However, current articles on NPS hepatotoxicity only focus on non-specific liver parameters. This study reviews three advanced markers of hepatotoxicity, osteopontin (OPN), high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), and glutathione dehydrogenase (GDH/ GLDH), to identify recommendations for future studies on NPS abusers. Determining the hepatotoxic effects of NPSs and distinguishing them from other factors such as additional substances and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is crucial, particularly due to the heightened risk of HCV infection in NPS abusers.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Jakub Czarny, Jadwiga Musial, Jolanta Powierska-Czarny, Natalia Galant, Michal Raczkowski, Boguslaw Buszewski, Renata Gadzala-Kopciuch
Summary: The development of the black market and the increase in psychoactive substances require the development of effective analytical methods to prevent poisoning and deaths. The study aimed to develop a method for the identification of over 500 psychoactive substances in blood samples.
MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL
(2022)
Article
Medicine, Legal
Jianhong Gao, Boyang Xu, Rongji Yang, Hongjian Zhang
Summary: New psychoactive substances (NPS), known as recreational designer drugs, pose significant risks to public health. The traditional targeted mass spectrometry methods face challenges in detecting recently discovered or unreported NPS. A novel screening strategy based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was developed to detect both known and novel analogs of NPS by analyzing their fragmentation characteristics. The study also discovered an unexpected substituent effect that can distinguish geometric isomers and successfully detected newly marketed NPS using this strategy.
FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL
(2023)