Article
Engineering, Civil
Carlos Couto, Tristan Coderre, Paulo Vila Real, Nicolas Boissonnade
Summary: This paper studies and compares the accuracy of different fire design methodologies for hollow cross-sections, with a suggested revision of existing design rules to overcome inconsistencies. The results demonstrate shortcomings in current cross-sectional classification procedures and propose the adoption of new design methods to overcome limitations in existing specifications.
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yinping Ma, Yongjian Liu, Tianyu Ma, Mampiandra N. H. Zafimandimby
Summary: A new approach was developed to predict the flexural stiffness of RHS trusses, considering joint deformation and achieving high accuracy in experimental verification. The method showed potential for high accuracy with different truss types and loading modes.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2021)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Ryan Slein, Ajit M. Kamath, Matthew Phillips, Ryan J. Sherman, David W. Scott, Donald W. White
Summary: This study validates three recommended changes to the AISC 360 Specification through eight experimental tests and a large number of FEA simulations. It also confirms the significant impact of bending moment on LTB members with slenderness close to the noncompact bracing limit.
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Chunyan Quan, Merih Kucukler
Summary: This paper focuses on the investigation of the response and design of stainless steel square and rectangular hollow sections (SHS and RHS) at high temperatures. Finite element models are developed to simulate the behavior of SHS and RHS members at elevated temperatures and are validated against physical experiments. Extensive numerical parametric studies are then conducted to generate benchmark data on the structural performance of stainless steel SHS and RHS at elevated temperatures.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
You-Fu Yang, Feng Fu, Yu-Qin Zhang
Summary: This paper experimentally and numerically studies the performance of steel slag concrete (SSC) filled steel square hollow section (SHS) stub columns and beams under short-term static loading. The main factors investigated are the mass substitution rate of steel slag aggregate (SSA) and the tube width-to-thickness ratio. The results show that the SSC filled steel SHS specimens have similar static performance as the reference composite specimens using ordinary concrete (OC), with the mechanical factors affected by the mass substitution rate of SSA and the behavior of stub columns dependent on the tube width-to-thickness ratio.
JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTIONAL STEEL RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Xiaopeng Shi, Xin Cheng, Xiaxin Wang, Mohamad Mansour
Summary: The local buckling behavior of cold-formed steel square hollow section (SHS) members under pure compression, pure bending, and combinations of compression and bending was investigated in this study. Finite element models were established and validated using experimental data. The proposed effective plastic width method (EPM) provided more accurate design predictions for the ultimate resistance of SHS in compression and bending compared to existing design rules.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STEEL STRUCTURES
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Mehdi Shahraki, Hamed Makhdoumi Darmiyan
Summary: This article investigates the effects of CFRP and steel plates on retrofitting deficient steel square hollow section (SHS) columns. The results indicate that both CFRP and steel plates can reduce stress in the damaged region and increase the load-bearing capacity of the columns. Additionally, CFRP performs better than steel plates in compensating for axial force due to cross-section reduction.
INNOVATIVE INFRASTRUCTURE SOLUTIONS
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Peng Dai, Lu Yang, Jie Wang, Manfang Lin, Junwei Fan
Summary: This paper investigates the bond stress-slip behavior between stainless steel tubes and concrete through a series of push-out tests. The results indicate that the cross-sectional width-thickness ratio, concrete strength, and stainless steel grade have noticeable influences on the ultimate bond stress in concrete-filled stainless steel tubes, and the addition of rib stiffeners significantly improves the bond behavior.
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Green & Sustainable Science & Technology
Izhar Hussain Shah, Nicolas Hadjipantelis, Lulu Walter, Rupert J. Myers, Leroy Gardner
Summary: Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) allows for the production of lightweight structural components with topologically optimised geometries. A life cycle assessment comparing WAAM steel beams with conventional hot-rolled steel I-beams shows that WAAM beams have lower climate change impact by 7% for carbon steel and 24% for stainless steel. It is concluded that WAAM can reduce CO2-eq. emissions if a mass reduction of around 50% is achieved and if measures such as topology optimisation are employed. Additionally, the environmental impact of WAAM can be further reduced by improving deposition rates or using renewable energy sources.
JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Behnam Behzadi-Sofiani, Leroy Gardner, M. Ahmer Wadee
Summary: This study investigates the mechanical behavior and design of steel equal-leg cruciform section members under axial compression. Experimental data is used to validate finite element models and a parametric study is conducted to consider different slenderness ratios and boundary conditions. The results show that the mechanical response and load-carrying capacity depend on both the column slenderness and the torsional to flexural elastic buckling load ratio. The existing design rules for cruciform section columns are found to have lower accuracy and consistency compared to a new proposal, which offers improved strength predictions.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Luke Lapira, Leroy Gardner, M. Ahmer Wadee
Summary: This paper presents formulae for calculating the elastic local buckling stresses of doubly-symmetric thin-walled I-section girders subjected to combined shear and direct stresses, considering the interaction between the plate elements. The interaction is bounded by theoretical lower and upper bounds, and is accounted for by introducing an interaction coefficient. The developed formulae accurately predict the elastic local buckling stresses of the studied cross-sections, showing significant improvement over the traditional method.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Zachariah Wynne, Craig Buchanan, Pinelopi Kyvelou, Leroy Gardner, Rolands Kromanis, Tim Stratford, Thomas P. S. Reynolds
Summary: The MX3D Bridge is the world's first additively manufactured metal bridge, with a dynamic response that exceeds predictions due to the complexity of the structure and underestimation of modal mass in the finite element model.
CASE STUDIES IN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Adam J. Sadowski, Marc Seidel, Hussain Al-Lawati, Esmaeil Azizi, Hagen Balscheit, Manuela Boehm, Lei Chen, Ingmar van Dijk, Cornelia Doerich-Stavridis, Oluwole Kunle Fajuyitan, Achilleas Filippidis, Astrid Winther Fischer, Claas Fischer, Simos Gerasimidis, Hassan Karampour, Lijithan Kathirkamanathan, Frithjof Marten, Yasuko Mihara, Shashank Mishra, Volodymyr Sakharov, Amela Shahini, Saravanan Subramanian, Cem Topkaya, Heinz Norbert Ronald Wagner, Jianze Wang, Jie Wang, Kshitij Kumar Yadav, Xiang Yun, Pan Zhang
Summary: This study assesses the elastic-plastic buckling limit state of multi-strake wind turbine support towers. An international 'round-robin' exercise was conducted to evaluate the computational shell buckling expertise globally. The results reveal significant expertise in both industry and academia on shell buckling.
ENGINEERING FAILURE ANALYSIS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Ruizhi Zhang, Leroy Gardner, Mohsen Amraei, Craig Buchanan, Heidi Piili
Summary: Nine optimized corrugated cylindrical shells and one reference circular cylindrical shell were successfully additively manufactured and investigated through a comprehensive testing program. The results confirmed the improved local buckling capacity and reduced imperfection sensitivity of the optimized shells, and initial recommendations for structural design were proposed.
JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(2023)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Jiajia Shen, Luke Lapira, M. Ahmer Wadee, Leroy Gardner, Alberto Pirrera, Rainer M. J. Groh
Summary: Prestressed stayed columns (PSCs) are structural systems that enhance compressive load-carrying capacity through pre-tensioned cable stays. The present goal is to develop a structural health monitoring (SHM) technique that returns the current structural utilization factor based on selected probing measurements. In contrast to previous work, it is found that the initial lateral stiffness from probing a PSC provides a suitable health index for in-service structures.
PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Nathan Vella, Pinelopi Kyvelou, Spiridione Buhagiar, Leroy Gardner
Summary: An experimental investigation was conducted to study the behavior of bespoke shear connectors in cold-formed steel-timber structures. The innovative shear connectors showed higher shear resistance and slip modulus compared to ordinary self-drilling screws. An analytical model was extended and validated to accurately predict the response of the innovative connectors.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Cheng Huang, Yuanpeng Zheng, Tao Chen, Elyas Ghafoori, Leroy Gardner
Summary: Combining welding technology with robotics, wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is proving to be a viable construction method. This study investigates the fatigue crack growth behavior of WAAM plates made of different steels. Tests were conducted on specimens extracted from WAAM plates, and the results showed a proportional relationship between hardness and ultimate strength. The observed crack growth behavior was similar to conventionally-produced steels, with no significant anisotropy.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Mechanical
Liang Zong, Wanquan Fang, Cheng Huang, Zhongxing Wang, Leroy Gardner
Summary: This study presents an experimental investigation into the low cycle fatigue behavior of WAAM ER70S-6 steel and derives strain-life relationships and cyclic stress-strain curves based on the experimental results. The results show that the geometric undulations of the as-built samples result in a weakening of LCF properties, and the weakening effect increases with the loading angle and strain amplitude. Significant non-Masing behavior and variation in cyclic hardening/softening response with imposed strain amplitudes are also observed.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FATIGUE
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Xin Meng, Ben Weber, Masashi Nitawaki, Leroy Gardner
Summary: This study investigates the local buckling behavior of carbon steel wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) elements and explores the opportunity for improved structural efficiency through optimization. Six plain square hollow sections (SHS) and two SHS strengthened with optimized stiffeners were manufactured via WAAM and tested. The study finds that WAAM SHS stub columns have comparable load-carrying capacities to conventionally-produced SHS in the stocky range but exhibit inferior local buckling behavior in the slender range. Additionally, the SHS strengthened with optimized stiffeners are shown to exhibit significantly improved structural efficiency over both the WAAM and conventionally-manufactured plain SHS.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Yong Zhu, Leroy Gardner, Hua Yang
Summary: This study examines the behavior of high-strength steel and high-strength concrete in combination in high-strength concrete-filled high-strength steel tubular members under transverse impact loading. Tests were conducted on 13 specimens and 6 reference specimens to analyze the impact force and deformation histories. Factors such as impact velocity, steel grade, steel ratio, and specimen length were found to influence the dynamic increase factors.
THIN-WALLED STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Manufacturing
Cheng Huang, Lingzhen Li, Niels Pichler, Elyas Ghafoori, Luca Susmel, Leroy Gardner
Summary: Wire-arc directed energy deposition (DED), also known as wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), is a metal 3D printing technique recognized for its efficiency, cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and suitability for construction. However, there is a lack of fundamental data on the fatigue behavior of WAAM elements. This study conducted a comprehensive experimental investigation into the fatigue behavior of WAAM steel plates and analyzed the results using constant life diagrams (CLDs) and S-N (stress-life) diagrams. The findings showed that the as-built WAAM steel had a relatively insensitive fatigue strength to different stress ratios, and the surface undulations led to a reduction in fatigue endurance limit and fatigue life.
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
(2023)
Article
Construction & Building Technology
Sian I. Evans, Jie Wang
Summary: This paper discusses the potential of using wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) to produce structurally efficient stainless steel structures in the construction industry. The lack of standardization in manufacturing parameters is addressed. An experimental program is conducted to assess the effects of deposition rate on WAAM 316L stainless steel structures, including tensile tests, geometric imperfection measurement, and stub column tests. The applicability of current design rules for stainless steel structures is evaluated based on the experimental data.
ADVANCED STEEL CONSTRUCTION
(2023)
