Article
Environmental Sciences
Su-Kyung Kim, Eunju Lee, Jihye Park, Sungwon Shin
Summary: This study utilizes GNSS-R technique to monitor tsunamis and storm surges by analyzing event-driven water level changes. Enhanced data processing methods successfully retrieved water levels during storm surges and can be used to assess the impact of coastal hazards on water levels.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Pengjie Zhang, Zhiguo Pang, Jingxuan Lu, Wei Jiang, Minghan Sun
Summary: Real-time and high-precision water level monitoring is crucial for hydrology, hydraulic engineering, and disaster prevention and control. The paper introduces a novel real-time water level monitoring method based on GNSS dual-antenna attitude measurement and develops a model to invert water level based on baseline vector. Field tests verify the stability and reliability of the method, and the experimental results demonstrate its capability for high-precision, high-temporal-resolution water level monitoring.
Article
Remote Sensing
Jorge Mendez-Astudillo, Lawrence Lau, Yu-Ting Tang, Terry Moore
Summary: The Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect refers to higher temperatures in urban areas compared to rural surroundings due to heat absorption by built structures and anthropogenic sources. Monitoring UHI intensity is crucial to address its adverse effects on human health and energy consumption. This paper presents a three-step algorithm utilizing Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data for UHI intensity monitoring, offering advantages of increased observational data availability, high temporal and geographical resolution. The algorithm has been tested and validated in Los Angeles, California, achieving an accuracy of 1.71 degrees C at 95% confidence level through comparison with temperature data from weather stations.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION
(2021)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Yiping Jiang
Summary: Integrity is crucial for safety-of-life applications used with global navigation satellite systems. Integrity monitoring involves mitigating failures and bounding errors. In urban environments with spatial correlation, the fault detection and exclusion (FDE) method needs to be reviewed. We propose optimal criteria for fault detection and exclusion and compare our method with commonly used ones.
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Naiquan Zheng, Peng Chen, Zheng Li
Summary: With the development of multi-GNSS, sea level inversion research has made significant progress, improving the time resolution and diversity of SNR types. In practical sea level monitoring, the high agreement between multi-GNSS inversion results and measured values demonstrates excellent monitoring accuracy.
ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH
(2021)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Stefano Caldera, Stefano Barindelli, Fernando Sanso, Livia Pardi
Summary: This paper focuses on the geodetic monitoring of structures using permanent GNSS stations, specifically a project that monitors a bridge using a small network of three low-cost GNSS receivers. The results show that the monitoring service GeoGuard, used in the project, is reliable in terms of both hardware and software, with highly accurate coordinates obtained.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2022)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Feng Wang, Yongqing Yu, Dongkai Yang, Linfeng Wang, Jin Xing
Summary: To ensure the safe and stable operation of offshore oil rigs, it is crucial to monitor their status and the marine hydrological environment. This study demonstrates the potential use of GNSS technologies for real-time monitoring of oil rigs, showing successful measurements of quasi-static displacements and dynamic responses. Furthermore, a GNSS-R system is developed and tested to provide SWH and wind speed around the oil rigs. The results suggest that both GNSS-RTK and GNSS-R can be valuable tools for monitoring and ensuring the safety of oil rigs.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT
(2022)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Konstantinos G. Nikolakopoulos, Aggeliki Kyriou, Ioannis K. Koukouvelas, Nikolaos Tomaras, Epameinondas Lyros
Summary: Areas in Western Greece are highly susceptible to landslides, which are typically triggered by earthquakes or heavy rainfall and result in damage to infrastructure and human properties. To address this issue, the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), and Interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques has been implemented for landslide mapping and monitoring. This study specifically focuses on analyzing a landslide that occurred in Ano Kerassovo village in Western Greece, utilizing repetitive UAV campaigns and corresponding GNSS surveys to accurately measure the ongoing evolution of the landslide. Change detection based on point clouds was used to identify surface modifications, and the results were validated through GNSS measurements and field observations. Additionally, archived Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) measurements from the European Ground Motion Service (EGMS) were utilized to extend the observation period and enhance understanding of the phenomenon, with UAVs and GNSS data being particularly effective in identifying microscale deformations at the centimeter scale.
Article
Environmental Sciences
Feng-Yu Chu, Yin-Wei Chen
Summary: The study applies the five-constellation GNSS technique to monitor structural long-term displacements on the wall (SLDW) and structural vibrational displacements on the wall (SVDW) and analyzes their performance. Two novel methods are proposed, including generating pseudo-environments with vibrations using semi-generated measurements and developing a position-constrained PPP (PCPPP) model to reduce the sheltering effect. The results show that monitoring SLDW and SVDW in the horizontal direction is possible with the five-constellation PPP, and the PCPPP model outperforms the classical PPP model in monitoring SVDW.
Review
Environmental Sciences
Shuanggen Jin, Qisheng Wang, Gino Dardanelli
Summary: The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has attracted global attention for its wide-ranging Earth observations and applications. This paper reviews the progress of GNSS in Earth observation and emerging applications, including positioning and orbiting, meteorology, ionosphere and space weather, reflectometry, earthquake monitoring, and land and structural health monitoring. The review finds that GNSS is not only excelling in traditional positioning applications but also playing a significant role in integrated remote sensing applications.
Article
Engineering, Aerospace
Sermet Ogutcu, Salih Alcay, Huseyin Duman, Behlul Numan Ozdemir, Ceren Konukseven
Summary: This study investigates the performance of static and kinematic PPP-AR using a low-cost u-blox ZED-F9P GNSS receiver in displacement monitoring, compared with a geodetic-grade GNSS receiver. The capability to determine the horizontal displacement direction is also investigated. The results show the differences in RMSEs between the two receivers and demonstrate the visual detection of dynamic displacements.
ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH
(2023)
Article
Environmental Sciences
Jian Yang, Weiming Tang, Wei Xuan, Ruijie Xi
Summary: The integration of GNSS and static level observations can significantly improve the positioning accuracy in house monitoring applications. This study proposed a method to tightly integrate GNSS and static level observations, and demonstrated that the accuracy of GNSS float solutions can be significantly improved. The vertical monitoring measurement results of static level can achieve less than 1 mm, and the accuracy of the fixed solution can be better than 2 mm in vertical direction.
Article
Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture
Pietro Tedeschi, Savio Sciancalepore, Roberto Di Pietro
Summary: Satellite-based Communication (SATCOM) systems are gaining renewed momentum in Industry and Academia due to innovative services and their potential impact on global connectivity. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on the security threats, solutions, and challenges faced by SATCOM systems, addressing physical-layer security, cryptography schemes, and emerging research topics. The findings highlight the trade-offs between business urgency and security, emphasizing the need for updated cybersecurity techniques in this rapidly evolving field.
Article
Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications
Nan Shen, Liang Chen, Ruizhi Chen
Summary: Displacement extraction is important for structural health monitoring (SHM). GNSS provides absolute position but with limited sampling rate, while accelerometer has higher sampling rate but double integration is not suitable for low-frequency deformation monitoring. Data fusion of GNSS and accelerometer in SHM has been widely researched, but most studies focus on large displacement extraction, with few empirical studies on slight displacement fusion algorithm. This study proposes an on-demand fusion method based on the interactive multiple model (IMM) Kalman filter and verifies it through three groups of experiments. The findings show that the proposed method maintains low-frequency displacement/absolute position through GNSS Kalman filter and extracts dynamic feature/high-frequency displacement through accelerometer IMM Kalman filter, ensuring long-term displacement while maintaining sensitivity for short-term displacement detection.
JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL INFORMATION INTEGRATION
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Civil
Chenyu Xue, Panos A. Psimoulis
Summary: The development of low-cost GNSS receivers with carrier-phase measurement capacity has enabled low-budget applications of higher accuracy and precision. Recent studies have successfully used these receivers for landslide monitoring. In this study, the performance of two closely-spaced high-rate low-cost GNSS receivers was evaluated for monitoring the dynamic response of a major pedestrian suspension bridge. It was found that multi-GNSS solution is required to overcome potential errors, and the low-cost GNSS receivers can estimate the dominant frequencies of the bridge accurately but have slightly higher noise levels.
ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence
Niclas Joswig, Juuso Autiosalo, Laura Ruotsalainen
Summary: In this work, a deep learning-based depth estimation model is proposed for real-world bird's-eye perspective in an industry environment with minimal visual cues. The model incorporates the temporal domain for structure from motion estimation and uses a novel architecture built upon the structure from motion learner. The proposed method outperforms the state of the art in difficult context-sparse environments, as shown by evaluation with ground truth depth.
MACHINE VISION AND APPLICATIONS
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Palihawadana A. D. Nirmal Jayawardana, Hadeel Obaid, Taylan Yesilyurt, Bo Tan, Elena Simona Lohan
Summary: The operational costs of advanced Air Traffic Management (ATM) solutions are too high for low- and medium-sized airports, so new and complementary solutions are being researched to offer low-cost alternatives utilizing existing infrastructure. 5G signals show potential in wireless positioning and sensing, but LOS detection in the context of 5G signals has not been well addressed in the literature. This paper focuses on LOS/NLOS detection methods for 5G signals using statistical/model-driven and data-driven/machine learning approaches.
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Joaquin Torres-Sospedra, Darwin P. Quezada Gaibor, Jari Nurmi, Yevgeni Koucheryavy, Elena Simona Lohan, Joaquin Huerta
Summary: Indoor positioning based on IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (Wi-Fi) fingerprinting requires a reference data set called a radio map to match incoming fingerprints and estimate device position. To address scalability issues, researchers divide the radio map into smaller clusters to reduce the computational load. However, these clustering models lack domain knowledge for indoor positioning. This study proposes clustering variants to optimize search and evaluates their performance, providing guidelines for efficient and accurate positioning. Results show that the proposed variants reduce execution time by half and positioning error by approximately 7% compared to traditional clustering models.
IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Remote Sensing
Zhe Yan, Laura Ruotsalainen, Xiyuan Chen, Xinhua Tang
Summary: Reliable and precise positioning in dense urban canyons is challenging due to harsh propagation environments. A vector tracking loop aided by an inertial navigation system and enhanced by a multipath error estimator is proposed as a solution. The method is proven to improve measurement quality, tracking robustness, and positioning precision through theoretical simulation, GNSS simulator-based experiments, and a vehicle experiment in an urban canyon.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Tiago Troccoli, Juho Pirskanen, Jari Nurmi, Aleksandr Ometov, Jorge Morte, Elena Simona Lohan, Ville Kaseva
Summary: This paper explores the challenge of implementing Direction of Arrival (DOA) methods for indoor localization using IoT devices, with a focus on Bluetooth's direction-finding capability. To overcome the computational limitations of small embedded systems in IoT networks, the paper introduces a customized Unitary R-D Root MUSIC method for L-shaped arrays that leverages Bluetooth's switching protocol. The solution optimizes radio communication system design and uses a root-finding method to simplify complex arithmetic. Experimental results on energy consumption, memory usage, accuracy, and execution time on IoT devices without operating systems and software layers demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution, which achieves good accuracy and low execution time.
Article
Chemistry, Analytical
Inigo Cortes, Johannes Rossouw van der Merwe, Elena Simona Lohan, Jari Nurmi, Wolfgang Felber
Summary: This paper evaluates the implementation of a low-complexity adaptive full direct-state Kalman filter (DSKF) for robust tracking of GNSS signals. The study proposes a simplified full lookup table (LUT)-DSKF and an extended loop-bandwidth control algorithm (LBCA) to increase synchronization robustness in time-varying scenarios. Different configurations of the adaptive full LUT-DSKF are evaluated in simulated scenarios with different dynamics and noise cases.
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Pavel Pascacio, Joaquin Torres-Sospedra, Sven Casteleyn, Elena Simona Lohan, Jari Nurmi
Summary: This article proposes a smartphone-based collaborative architecture that enhances the accuracy of indoor positioning systems (IPSs) by using neural networks and received signal strength (RSS). By utilizing the built-in wireless communication technologies in smartphones and the collaboration between devices, the proposed architecture improves the performance of traditional positioning systems without additional deployment.
IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Yi Lu, Ossi Kaltiokallio, Mike Koivisto, Jukka Talvitie, Elena Simona Lohan, Henk Wymeersch, Mikko Valkama
Summary: In this article, an extended Kalman filtering (EKF)-based framework called MU-PoSAC is proposed to jointly estimate and track the locations and clock offsets of multiple users together with the unknown locations and orientation offsets of the anchors, using angle-of-arrival (AoA) and time-of-arrival (ToA) measurements. Numerical results show the feasibility of estimating and tracking the overall system state, the enhancement of estimation accuracy with a single reference anchor, and the better performance with more users. The framework also demonstrates robustness against intermittent Line-of-Sight (LoS) blockage in the considered industrial use case.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY
(2023)
Article
Chemistry, Multidisciplinary
Julius Laitala, Laura Ruotsalainen
Summary: Arranging products in stores according to planograms is crucial for sales in the modern retail market. This study proposes a computer vision-based method for automating planogram compliance evaluation, utilizing product detection and classification. A new benchmarking metric is also introduced. Experimental results demonstrate the improved accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method compared to existing approaches.
APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Hadeel Obaid, Christophe Morlaas, Bo Sun, Matias Turunen, Simona Lohan, Bo Tan
Summary: This paper presents the design, implementation, and verification of a vector antenna capable of direction finding. By using the tapered slot element and a four-season layout, the antenna can identify radio sources in a wide spectrum range in 3-D space, addressing practical issues for functionality.
IEEE SENSORS LETTERS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Antoine Grenier, Elena Simona Lohan, Aleksandr Ometov, Jari Nurmi
Summary: With the miniaturization of electronics, low-power GNSS receivers are embedded into battery-operated consumer devices and IoT sensors, posing new signal processing challenges due to limited processing power and challenging wireless environments. This paper discusses the energy consumption of these receivers, reviews the factors affecting energy consumption, explores onboard and offloaded processing strategies, and highlights current research challenges in low-power GNSS.
IEEE COMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS AND TUTORIALS
(2023)
Article
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Fabricio S. Prol, Artem Smirnov, Sanna Kaasalainen, Mohammad Mainul Hoque, Mohammad Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Francesco Menzione
Summary: The rapid increase in the number of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites enables the transmission of dedicated signals for positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT), as well as unique measurements of the Earth's upper atmosphere. This study explores the benefits of highly dense LEO-PNT systems for 3-D ionospheric imaging using total electron content (TEC) measurements. The inclusion of LEO satellites in the system geometry improves the ionospheric imaging system, and accurate 3-D electron density representation can be obtained even without horizontal viewing angles.
IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATIONS AND REMOTE SENSING
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Elena Simona Lohan, Kathrin Bierwirth, Tomkouani Kodom, Mihai Ganciu, Hafida Lebik, Rafik Elhadi, Oana Cramariuc, Irina Mocanu
Summary: This paper presents a comprehensive study on independent solutions for clean and sustainable water access in Africa, proposing a three-segment architecture consisting of a UV-LED-based water disinfection unit, a solar-powered battery, and a wireless positioning system. It also provides initial results and examples of water analysis and user surveys conducted in Togo, Africa. The envisaged system offers attractive features such as long battery life, low maintenance cost, the ability to significantly improve water quality and disinfect at least 1.5 l/min, and wireless positioning capabilities, which can greatly enhance the quality of life for those with limited access to potable or internationally acceptable water resources.
Proceedings Paper
Engineering, Electrical & Electronic
Fabricio S. Prol, Sanna Kaasalainen, E. Simona Lohan, M. Zahidul H. Bhuiyan, Jaan Praks, Heidi Kuusniemi
Summary: As the number of satellites in low Earth orbits (LEO) increases, simulations of positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) through LEO satellites become crucial to assess their potential benefits for global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). These simulations not only help predict future advancements in GNSS, but also provide guidance for optimized PNT missions. Recent developments in broadcast orbit models, precise orbit determination, signal structure designs, atmospheric models, constellation optimization strategies, satellite clock implementations, and sensor integration have been reviewed to understand the status and challenges of LEO-PNT system simulations.
2023 IEEE/ION POSITION, LOCATION AND NAVIGATION SYMPOSIUM, PLANS
(2023)
Article
Computer Science, Information Systems
Antoine Grenier, Elena Simona Lohan, Aleksandr Ometov, Jari Nurmi
Summary: This study focuses on the positioning capacities of Android smart devices and wearables, particularly in the research area lacking GNSS raw data. A novel open-source Android application for multi-sensor measurement data logging, including GNSS, is developed and an open-access dataset of measurement surveys is provided. The evaluation and analysis of the logged data are conducted to explore the potential and challenges in advanced positioning of smart devices.
